Dominant (music)

For the term "dominant function" on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, see Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator#Dominant_Function.

Tonic and dominant in C  Play (help·info). C major and G major chords.

The second to last chord in this example is built on the dominant (V) and found here in the circle progression on C: I-IV-vii^o-iii-vi-ii-V-I  Play (help·info)

In music, the dominant is the fifth scale degree of the diatonic scale, called "dominant" because it is next in importance to the tonic,^[1] and a dominant chord is any chord built upon that pitch, using the notes of the same diatonic scale. The dominant function (diatonic function) has the role of creating instability that requires the tonic for resolution.

In very much conventionally tonal music, harmonic analysis will reveal a broad prevalence of the primary (often triadic) harmonies: tonic, dominant, and subdominant (i.e., I and its chief auxiliaries a 5th removed), and especially the first two of these.

—Berry (1976)^[2]

The scheme I-x-V-I symbolizes, though naturally in a very summarizing way, the harmonic course of any composition of the Classical period. This x, usually appearing as a progression of chords, as a whole series, constitutes, as it were, the actual "music" within the scheme, which through the annexed formula V-I, is made into a unit, a group, or even a whole piece.

—Rudolph Reti, (1962)^[3]quoted in^[4]

For example, in the C major scale (white keys on a piano, starting with C), the dominant is the note G; and the dominant chord uses the notes G, B, and D.

Dominant chords

Triads

In music theory, the dominant triad (3-note chord) is a major triad, symbolized by the Roman numeral V, if it is within the major diatonic scale (for example G-B-D in C major). It is, however, a minor triad, denoted v, if it is within the minor diatonic scale (for example G-B♭-D in C minor). In the minor scale, the dominant triad is often substituted with a major triad, by sharpening the second note, which is a minor third from the dominant note, into a major third, since the major third from the dominant is the leading tone for the minor scale. For instance, in G-B♭-D, the B♭ is sharpened to B natural (B♮), since B♮ is the leading tone for the C minor scale.

Seventh chord

A dominant seventh chord is a chord built upon the dominant of a major diatonic scale, containing a dominant (major) triad and an additional minor seventh (for example G-B-D-F in C major). It is typically denoted G⁷.

As defined by the 19th century musicologist Joseph Fétis the dominante was a seventh chord over the first note of a descending perfect fifth in the basse fondamentale or root progression, the common practice period dominant seventh he named the dominante tonique^[5].

Dominant chord (V) in the ii-V-I cadence on C  Play (help·info)

Dominant chord in authentic cadence

A cadential dominant chord followed by a tonic chord (the chord of the key of the piece) is denominated as authentic cadence. If the roots are in the bass and the tonic is in the highest voice, it is called a perfect authentic cadence.

Dominant key in tonal modulation

"Dominant" also refers to a relationship of musical keys. For example, relative to the key of C major, the key of G major is the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates into the dominant. Modulation into the dominant key often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation into subdominant (fourth note of the scale), which creates a sense of musical relaxation.

The vast majority of harmonies designated as "essential" in the basic frame of structure must be I and V–the latter, when tonal music is viewed in broadest terms, an auxiliary support and embellishment of the former, for which it is the principal medium of tonicization.

—Berry (1976)^[2]

The dominant chord itself is composed of the dominant (sol), the leading-tone (ti), and the supertonic (re) scale degrees. According to the rules of tonal resolution, both the leading-tone and the supertonic primarily resolve to the tonic. These two tones resolving to the tonic are strengthened by the dominant scale degree, which is a common tone between the tonic and dominant chords. The dominant may also be considered the result of a transformational operation applied to the tonic that most closely resembles the tonic by some clear-cut criteria such as common tones^[6].

In non-Western music

The dominant is an important concept in Middle Eastern music. In the Arabic maqam and the Turkish makam, scales are made up of trichords, tetrachords and pentachords (each called a jins in Arabic), with the tonic of a maqam being the lowest note of the lower jins and the dominant being that of the upper jins. The dominant of a maqam is not always the fifth, however; for example, in maqams Kurd and Bayati, the dominant is the fourth, and in maqam Saba, the dominant is the minor third. A maqam may have more than one dominant.

See also

• Predominant chord
• Secondary dominant
• Secondary leading-tone chord
• For use of the term "dominant" as a reciting tone in Gregorian chant, see church modes.
• Nondominant seventh chord

Sources

1. ^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.33. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
2. ^ ^{a b} Berry, Wallace (1976/1987). Structural Functions in Music, p.62. ISBN 0-486-25384-8.
3. ^ Reti, Rudolph (1962). Tonality in Modern Music, p.28.
4. ^ Kostka & Payne (1995). Tonal Harmony, p.458. ISBN 0-07-035874-5.
5. ^ Dahlhaus, Carl. Gjerdingen, Robert O. trans. (1990). Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality, p.143. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09135-8.
6. ^ Perle, George (1955). "Symmetrical Formations in the String Quartets of Béla Bartók", Music Review 16: 300-312. Cited in Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók, p.37-38. ISBN 0-300-05111-5.