Defensible space (fire control)

In the context of fire control, Defensible Space is the natural and landscaped area around a structure that has been maintained and designed to reduce fire danger, sometimes called 'Firescaping'.^[1] "Defensible space" is also used in the context of wildfires, especially in the wildland-urban interface (WUI).^[2] This defensible space reduces the risk that fire will spread from the surroundings to the structure and provides firefighters access and a safer area to defend it from. Firefighters sometimes do not attempt protecting structures without adequate defensible space, for personnel safety and their effort less likely to succeed.

Criteria

• A first concept of Defensible Space for most fire agencies' primary goal of fuel reduction is a recommended or required defensible space around a structure to extend for at least 100 feet (30 m) in all directions.^[3]

• A second concept of Defensible Space is "Fuel Reduction." This means plants are selectively thinned and pruned to reduce the combustible fuel mass of the remaining plants. The goal is to break up the more continuous and dense uninterrupted layer of vegetation.

• A third concept of Defensible Space is "Fuel Ladder" management. Like rungs on a ladder, vegetation can be present at varying heights from groundcovers to trees. Grounds fuel 'rungs' such as dried grasses, can transmit fire to shrub rungs, which then transmit up tree branch rungs into the tree canopy. A burning tree produces embers that can blow to new areas spreading and so making it more difficult to control a wildland fire. One guideline is for a typical separation of three times the height of the lower fuel to the next fuel ladder. For example, a 2-foot-high (0.61 m) shrub under a tree would need a spacing of 6 feet (1.8 m) to the lowest limbs of the tree. Since wildfires burn faster uphill than on flat land, fuel ladder spacing may need to be greater for slopes.^[4]

Landscape use

The term Defensible Space in landscape ('firescape') use refers to the 100 feet (30 m) zone surrounding a structure. Often the location is in the wildland-urban interface. This area need not be devoid of vegetation by using naturally fire resistive plants that are spaced, pruned and trimmed, and irrigated, to minimize the fuel mass available to ignite and also to hamper the spread of a fire.

1. The first 30 feet (9.1 m) is the "Defensible Space Zone," of a defensible space around a structure. It is where vegetation is kept to a minimum combustible mass. A guideline used in this zone can be "low, lean and green."
2. The second distance of 30 to 100 feet (9.1 to 30 m), is the "Reduced Fuel Zone" of a defensible space around a structure. In this area of the defensible space, fuels/vegetation are separated vertically and horizontally depending on the vegetation type. This is done by: thinning, pruning, and removal of selected vegetation; and limbing up trees from lower vegetation and the lateral separation of tree canopies. types.^[5]

An important component is ongoing maintenance of the fire-resistant landscaping for reduced fuel loads and fire fighting access. Fire resistive plants that are not maintained can desiccate, die, or amass deadwood debris, and become fire assistive. Irrigation systems and pruning can help maintain a plant's fire resistance. Maintaining access roads and driveways clear of side and low-hanging vegetation can allow large fire equipment to reach properties and structures. Some agencies recommend clearing combustible vegetation at minimum horizontal 10 feet from roads and driveways a vertical of 13 feet 6 inches above them. Considering the plant material involved is important to not create unintended consequences to habitat integrity and unnecessary aesthetic issues. Street signs, and homes clearly identified with the numerical address, assist access also.^[6][7]

The slogan "Provide Defensible Space, be fire-safe and fire-smart" is used by agencies.

Unintended consequences

The unintended negative consequences of erosion and native habitat loss can result from some unskillful defensible space applications. The disturbance of the soil surface, such as garden soil cultivation in and firebreaks beyond native landscape zones areas destroy the native plant cover and expose open soil, accelerating invasive species of plants ('invasive exotics') spreading and replacing native habitats.^[8]

In suburban and wildland-urban interface areas the vegetation clearance and brush removal ordinances of municipalities for defensible space can result in mistaken excessive clearcutting of native and non-invasive introduced shrubs and perennials that exposes the soil to more light and less competition for invasive plant species, and also erosion and landslides. Negative aesthetic consequences to natural and landscape areas can be minimized with integrated and balanced defensible space practices.^[9][10]

See also

Gardening portal

• Fire control
• Fire ecology
• Firefighting
• Fuel ladder
• Wildfire
• Wildfire suppression

References

1. ^ http://www.sbcfire.com/fp/hrp/landscape%20checklist.pdf SBCFD-Firescaping. Retrieved 4/26/2010
2. ^ http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/communications_firesafety_100feet.php CAL-FIRE intro Retrieved 4/26/2010
3. ^ http://www.sbcfire.com/fp/hrp/defensible_space_requlation.pdf SBCFD-regulation. Retrieved 4/26/2010
4. ^ http://www.sbcfire.com/fp/hrp.html SBCFD-intro. Retrieved 4/26/2010
5. ^ http://www.sbcfire.com/fp/hrp/defensible_space_guidelines.pdf CAL-FIRE-guidelines. Retrieved 4/26/2010
6. ^ SBCFD Retrieved 4/26/2010
7. ^ http://www.sbcfire.com/fp/hrp/landscape%20checklist.pdf SBCFD-checklist. Retrieved 4/26/2010
8. ^ Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004), "A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species" (PDF), Diversity and Distributions 10: 135–141, doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x, http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Invasives/Assignment1/ColauttiandMacIsaac.pdf, retrieved 2007-07-11 
9. ^ (September 21, 2006). National Invasive Species Information Center - What is an Invasive Species?. United States Department of Agriculture: National Agriculture Library. Retrieved on September 1, 2007.
10. ^ USA (1999). Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999: Invasive Species. Federal Register 64(25), 6183-6186.

External links

• CAL-FIRE: Homepage + Links Official CA State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection website.
• CA State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection: "General Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space"
• SBCFD Homepage + Links: "Defending Your Home and Hazard Reduction" Official Santa Barbara County Fire Department 'Wildfire' Website.
• Santa Barbara County Fire Department: "Landscape Checklist"
• Santa Barbara County Fire Department: "Homeowner Checklist"