Diaphania indica

Diaphania indica
"Botys hyalinalis" and "Margaronia hyalinata" redirect here; while these names refer to the Cucumber Moth, they are based on misidentification of this species as Melonworm Moth (D. hyalinata).
"Cotton caterpillar" redirects here; see also Cotton bollworm.
Cucumber Moth
Adult female at Bannerghatta National Park (Karnataka, India)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Division: Ditrysia
(unranked): Obtectomera
Superfamily: Pyraloidea
Family: Crambidae
Subfamily: Spilomelinae
Genus: Diaphania
Species: D. indica
Binomial name
Diaphania indica
(Saunders, 1851)
Synonyms

Numerous, see text

The Cucumber Moth or Cotton Caterpillar (Diaphania indica), is a is a widespread but mainly Old World moth species. It belongs to the grass moth family, and therein to the large subfamily Spilomelinae. This moth occurs in many tropical and subtropical regions ouside the Americas, though it is native to southern Asia; it is occasionally a significant pest of cucurbits and some other plants.

This species was originally described by William Wilson Saunders in 1851 under the mis-spelled name Eudioptes indica (properly:Eudioptis), using specimens from Java. His syntypes are in the Hope Entomological Collections of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.[1]

Contents

Description

Another female in India, spreading its abdominal tufts
See also: Glossary of entomology terms and Lepidoptera genitalia

The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults have translucent whitish wings with broad dark brown borders. The body is whitish below, and brown on top of head and thorax as well as the end of the abdomen. There is a tuft of light brown "hairs" on the tip of the abdomen, vestigial in the male but well-developed in the female. It is formed by long scales which are carried in a pocket on each side of the 7th abdominal segment, from where they can be everted to form the tufts. Unfertilized females are often seen sitting around with the tuft fully spread, forming two flower-like clumps of scales, which move slowly to spread their pheromones. These have been identified[2] as consisting mainly of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal and (E)-11-hexadecenal[1].

From its closest relatives, the Cucumber Moth is most reliably distinguished by microscopic examination of the genitals. In the male, the clasper's harpe is twice as long as it is wide, with costa and sacculus running almost in parallel and being strongly sclerotized, and a rounded cucullus. From the center of the harpe, which is otherwise only weakly sclerotized, a thin spine extends. The uncus is covered in bristles and ends in a small tube; it is a bit longer than the tegumen which in turn is about as wide as it is long. The Vinculum is almost quadratic, and the anellus forms a small triangular plate which is more strongly sclerotized. The aedeagus is almost straight, strongly sclerotized below, and has a flattened curved process at end.[1]

In the female genitals, the ostium is transverse and oval, and the antrum broadly sclerotized. The ductus seminalis insert from above, a bit before the forward edge of the antrum. The bursa copulatrix is long and slim, with the forward third particularly narrow; its wall is covered with many short spines, and the hind end almost seamlessly merges into a short and barely distinguishable ductus bursae.[1]

  • Male, adult specimen from above

  • Male, adult specimen from below

  • Female, adult specimen from above

  • Female, adult specimen from below

Distribution and ecology

The natural range of this moth seems to extend from South Asia to southern China and Taiwan, and south through Southeast Asia top the Maluku Islands of Indonesia; it does not seem to extend south of the Wallacea or to the Philippines. Hence, to the other localities where it has been found it was probably introduced by trade and transport of its host plants. These are typically oceanic islands, such as Fiji, Ponape in the Caroline Islands and the Marquesas Islands in different regions of the Pacific, and Mauritius in the western Indian Ocean. It has been reported from some localities in Africa, but there it is probably introduced too.[1]

As implied by the common names, the caterpillar larvae of this moth are a frequent agricultural pests. It is perhaps most noticeable as a pest of cucumbers, but this seems more due to the widespread production of these than to the moth's preferences; D. indica is quite polyphagous and prefers other Cucurbitoideae (which are not as widely grown though) to cucumbers. Typically, the leaves of the foodplants are eaten.[1]

Host plants are usually[verification needed] eurosids and include:[1]

  • Cucurbitaceae
    • Benincaseae: Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria), Angled Luffa (Luffa acutangula), Egyptian Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca), probably others
    • Cucurbiteae: pumpkins (Cucurbita)
    • Melothrieae: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and others (e.g. melons)
    • Trichosantheae: Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina), Trichosanthes tricuspidata
  • Other families:

Taxonomy

Despite its characteristic appearance, the Cucumber Moth was anew described times and again, leading to a number of junior synonyms. Achille Guenée described the species three times alone – two times of which on the very same page of the Histoire naturelle des Insectes –, using specimens from far-flung regions he believed to represent different taxa: from Java (for P. gazorialis), Réunion (for his Phakellura curcubitalis), and (presumably) the Levant (for P. zygaenalis). Actually, the moth's populations at the latter two locations, as well as the specimens from Limpopo and Orange Rivers from which Philipp Christoph Zeller described his Eudioptis capensis, seem to have been merely introduced there as pests in ships' stores.[1]

In 1859, the Cucumber Moth was moved to genus Phakellura by Francis Walker, and to Glyphodes by Edward Meyrick in 1895. It was placed in Margaronia by Fletcher in 1917, and by subsequent authors variously assigned it to Diaphania and Glyphodes, at that time incorrectly believed to be subgenera of Margaronia. Finally, in 1931 Hudson, recognizing that Saunders and Walker were quite correct in their original assessments, but that Eudioptis and Phakellura were junior synonyms of Diaphania, placed the moth in its current genus. Shin et al. in 1983 sided with Fletcher and proposed to move the species to Palpita (the senior synonym of Margaronia), but subsequent authors have generally preferred Hudson's treatment.[1]

Synonyms

The junior synonyms and some other invalid scientific names of D. indica are:[3]

  • Botys hyalinalis Boisduval, 1833
  • Diaphana indica (lapsus)
  • Diaphana (Phacellura) indica (lapsus)
  • Diaphania (Margaronia) indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Endioptis hyalinata (lapsus)
  • Eudioptes indica Saunders, 1851
  • Eudioptis indica (lapsus)
  • Eudioptis capensis Zeller, 1852
  • Glyphodes intermedialis Dognin, 1904
  • Glyphodes indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Glyphodes (Phacellura) indica (lapsus)
  • Glyphodes (Phakellula) indica (lapsus)
  • Glyphodes (Phakellura) indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Margarania indica (lapsus)
  • Margarodes indica (lapsus)
  • Margaronia hyalinata Wolcott, 1936 (non Linnaeus, 1767: preoccupied/misidentification)
  • Margaronia indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Margaronia (Diaphania) indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Margaronia (Glyphodes) indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Margonna indica (lapsus)
  • Palpita indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Phacellura capensis (lapsus)
  • Phacellura gazorialis (lapsus)
  • Phacellura indica (lapsus)
  • Phakellura cepensis (lapsus)
  • Phakellura curcubitalis Guenée, 1862
  • Phakellura gazorialis Guenée, 1854
  • Phakellura indica (Saunders, 1851)
  • Phakellura indicalis Moore, 1867 (unjustified emendation)
  • Phakellura zygaenalis Guenée, 1854

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Clarke (1986)
  2. ^ Pherobase (2011)
  3. ^ Clarke (1986), and see references in Savela (2011)

References

  • Clarke, John Frederick Gates (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 416: 1-485. PDF fulltext (214 MB!)
  • Pherobase (2011): Semiochemicals of Palpita indica. Version of 2011-OCT-07. Retrieved 2011-OCT-14.
  • Savela, Markku (2011): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Diaphania indica. Version of 2011-MAR-30. Retrieved 2011-OCT-14.

External links

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