Coprinellus impatiens

Coprinellus impatiens Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Psathyrellaceae Genus: Coprinellus Species: C. impatiens Binomial name Coprinellus impatiens (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1938) Synonyms[1] Agaricus impatiens Fr. (1821) Psathyrella impatiens (Fr.) Gillet (1878) Coprinarius impatiens (Fr.) Quél. (1886) Coprinus impatiens (Fr.) Quél. (1888) Pseudocoprinus impatiens (Fr.) Kühner (1936) Coprinellus impatiens Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is convex or flat hymenium is adnexed stipe is bare spore print is blackish-brown ecology is saprotrophic edibility: inedible

Coprinellus impatiens is a species of fungus in the Psathyrellaceae family. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella, Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus, before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was first described in 1821 as Agaricus impatiens by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his Systema Mycologicum.^[2] In 1886, Lucien Quélet transferred the species to Coprinarius^[3] (a defunct genus now synonymous with Panaeolus^[4]) and then to Coprinus a couple of years later in his Flore Mycologique de la France.^[5] In 1936, Robert Kühner segregated the genus Pseudocoprinus from Coprinus, including species that did not have deliquescent gills (that is, gills that "melt" into liquid), and he included Coprinus impatiens in this generic transfer. He later changed his mind about the taxonomic separation of Coprinus and Pseudocoprinus.^[6] Gillet transferred the species to Psathyrella in 1936.^[7] In 1938 Jakob Emanuel Lange published the new combination Coprinellus impatiens.^[8] Despite the taxonomic shuffling, the species was popularly known as Coprinus impatiens until 2001, when a large-scale phylogenetic analysis resulted in the splitting of the genus Coprinus into several smaller genera, and the authors confirmed the validity of the generic placement in Coprinellus.^[6] The specific epithet impatiens is derived from the Latin word for "impatient".^[9]

A 2005 phylogenetics study proposed that C. impatiens was sister (closely related on the phylogenetic tree) to a large Psathyrella clade, and that consequently, the genus Coprinellus was polyphyletic.^[10] A later (2008) study suggested, however, that these results were due to an artifact of taxon sampling—not enough species were analyzed to adequately represent the genetic variation in the genera. The 2008 study demonstrated that Coprinellus, including C. impatiens, was monophyletic, descended from a common ancestor. In their analysis, C. impatiens was most closely related to C. congregatus, C. bisporus, C. callinus, and C. heterosetulosus.^[11]

Description

The cap surface has deep, narrow, radially arranged grooves.

The cap of the fruit bodies is initially egg-shaped, then conical to convex before flattening out, reaching diameters between 1.8 to 4 cm (0.71 to 1.6 in). It has deep narrow grooves reaching almost as far as the center of the cap. The surface color is a pale buff, tawny or cinnamon towards the center, but the color loses intensity when the mushroom is dry. The flesh is whitish, thin, fragile and barely deliquescent (auto-digesting). The gills are initially buff, then turn grayish-brown. They are either free from attachment to the stem, or adnexed, meaning only a small portion of the gill is attached. The stem is whitish, very slender, and more or less equal in width throughout its length, or slightly thicker at the base; its dimensions are 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in) by 0.2 to 0.4 cm (0.08 to 0.16 in) thick. The stem surface of young specimens are pruinose—appearing to be coated with a minute layer of fine white particles; this eventually is sloughed off, leaving a smooth or silky surface. The odor and taste of the fruit bodies are not distinctive. The gills of this species do not autodigest with age, or barely do so; the fruit bodies tend to become more fragile with age.^[12][13]

The spore print is dark brown. The spores are smooth, ellipsoid or almond-shaped, with a germ pore; they measure 9–12 by 5–6 μm. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored and tetramorphic (the spores lie on several different levels, and mature at different times). The cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the gill edge) are roughly spherical, 20–35 μm broad, or lageniform (flask-shaped), 36–64 by 10–15 μm, with the apex often rather acute, about 3–5 μm wide. Pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the gill face) are absent in this species.^[12]

Similar species

A potential lookalike species is C. disseminatus.

Coprinellus disseminatus resembles C. impatiens, but may be distinguished by its slightly larger fruit body, somewhat deliquescent gills, and tendency to fruit in smaller groups on the ground, rather than on or around rotting wood.^[14] Also, C. disseminatus has smaller spores than C. impatiens, typically 6.6–9.7 by 4.1–5.8 μm.^[15] C. eurysporus is similar to C. disseminatus but usually grows in groups on fallen branches, and has broader spores that measure 8.3–10.3 by 6.7–8.4 µm.^[16] C. hiascens usually grows in small dense clumps, has narrower spores (typically 9–11 by 4.5–5.5 μm, and produces smaller fruit bodies.^[12]

Habitat and distribution

Coprinellus impatiens is found in North America and Europe^[17] (including Germany,^[18] Poland,^[19] and the Ukraine^[20]) including northern Turkey.^[21] In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, it is found in Oregon and Idaho.^[22] Fruit bodies grow solitarily, or rarely in small bundles, on forest litter in deciduous forests, especially ones dominated by beech.^[17][23]

See also

Fungi portal

• List of Coprinellus species

References

1. ^ "Coprinellus impatiens (Fr.) J.E. Lange". Index Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=107843. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
2. ^ Fries EM. (1821) (in Latin). Systema Mycologicum. 1. Lund: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 302. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25498#366. 
3. ^ Quélet L. (1886) (in Latin). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium. Paris: O. Doin. p. 119. http://biodiversityheritagelibrary.org/page/32653155. 
4. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 169. ISBN 9780851998268. 
5. ^ Quélet L. (1888) (in French). Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes. Paris: O. Doin. p. 42. http://books.google.com/books?id=GJg_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Redhead SA, Vilgalys R, Moncalvo J-M, Johnson J, Hopple, JS Jr. (2001). "Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato". Taxon 50 (1): 203–41. doi:10.2307/1224525. JSTOR 1224525. 
7. ^ Gillet CC. (1936). Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe mycologique de France 52: 33. 
8. ^ Lange JE. (1938). "Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part XII. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Tubaria, Galera, Bolbitius, Pluteolus, Crepidotus, Pseudopaxillus, Paxillus". Dansk botanisk Arkiv 9 (6): 1–104. 
9. ^ Davidson GD, Robinson M. (1996). Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 676. ISBN 0-550-10625-1. 
10. ^ Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M. (2005). "The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales". Mycological Research 109 (5): 525–44. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868. PMID 16018308. 
11. ^ Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Dentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ. (2008). "The mushroom family Psathyrellaceae: Evidence for large-scale polyphyly of the genus Psathyrella". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 (2): 415–29. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.004. PMID 18248744. 
12. ^ ^{a b c} Orton PD, Watling R. (1979). Coprinaceae: Coprinus. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Botanic Garden. p. 93. ISBN 0114915652. 
13. ^ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 232. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&pg=PA232. 
14. ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 535. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&pg=PA353. 
15. ^ Burel J. (2004). "Nekoprofilni druhy hnojniku subsekce Setulosi [Profiles of species from Coprinus subsection Setulosi]" (in Czech). Mykologicky Sbornik 81 (3): 94–7. ISSN 0374-9436. 
16. ^ "Coprinus eurysporus M. Lange & A.H. Smith". Coprinus Studies by Kees Uljé. http://www.grzyby.pl/coprinus-site-Kees-Uljee/species/euryspor.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Phillips R. "Coprinus impatiens". Rogers Mushrooms. http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5852.asp. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
18. ^ Enderle M, Krieglsteiner GJ, Bender H. (1986). "Studies in the genus Coprinus West Germany III" (in German). Zeitschrift für Mykologie 52 (1): 101–32. 
19. ^ Sadowska B. (1988). "Fungi of the genus Coprinus Pers. ex Fr. S.F. Gray" (in Polish). Biuletyn Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego Biologia 30 (1–2): 35–38. 
20. ^ Prydiuk MP. (2003). "Rare for the territory of Ukraine finds, of basidial macromycetes (Agaricales s. l, Lycoperdales) from Dnipropetrovsk region" (in Russian). Ukrayins'kyi Botanichnyi Zhurnal 60 (2): 138–45. 
21. ^ Türkekul I. (2003). "A contribution to the fungal flora of Tokat Province" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Botany 27: 313–20. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-03-27-4/bot-27-4-7-0207-1.pdf. 
22. ^ "Pacific Northwest Distributions for Macrofungi". South Vancouver Island Mycological Society. http://www.svims.ca/council/distri.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
23. ^ Lange M, Smith AH. (1953). "The Coprinus ephemerus group". Mycologia 45 (5): 747–80. JSTOR 4547754. 

External links

• Coprinellus impatiens in Index Fungorum.
• Mushroom Observer Images