Mimnermus

Mimnermos was one of several ancient, Greek poets who composed verses about solar eclipses, and there was in fact a total solar eclipse of his home town, Smyrna, on April 6, 648 BC^[1] His poetry survives only as a few fragments yet they afford us a glimpse of his "brilliantly vivid" style.^[2]

Mimnermus (Greek: Μίμνερμος, Mímnermos) was a Greek elegiac poet from either Colophon or Smyrna in Ionia, who flourished about 630-600 BC. He was strongly influenced by the example of Homer yet he wrote short poems suitable for performance at drinking parties and was remembered by ancient authorities chiefly as a love poet. Mimnermus in turn exerted a strong influence on Hellenistic poets such as Callimachus and thus also on Roman poets such as Propertius, who even preferred him to Homer for his eloquence on love themes (see Comments by other poets below). His work was collected by Alexandrian scholars in just two 'books' (relatively few compared for example with the twenty-six books for Stesichorus) and today only small fragments survive. The fragments confirm the ancient estimate of him as a "consumate poet"^[3] but also indicate that he was in fact a "sturdier character" than the indulgent love poet he was assumed to be by various ancient commentators.^[4] Almost no reliable, biographical details have been recorded. One ancient account linked him romantically with a flute girl who subsequently gave her name to one of his two books - Nanno.

Life and work

The Byzantine encyclopaedia Suda provides a good example of the biographical uncertainties.

"Mimnermus, son of Ligyrtyades, from Colophon or Smyrna or Astypalaea, an elegiac poet. He flourished in the 37th Olympiad (632-29 BC) and so is earlier than the seven sages, although some say that he was their contemporary. He was also called Ligyaistades because of his harmonious clarity. He wrote...books."^[5]

The gap indicates a corruption in the text and the original wording probably testified to two books, though the only source we have for this number was the grammarian Pomponius Porphyrion.^[6] Suda's mention of Astypalaea, an island in the southern Aegean, as a possible candidate for the poet's home town, is mere fantasy.^[7] Smyrna seems to be the most likely candidate.^[8] The nickname Ligyaistades was probably taken by Suda from an elegy addressed to Mimnermus by one of the seven sages — the Athenian lawgiver and elegiac poet, Solon (see Comments by other poets). Solon clearly admired the skills of the older poet, whom he addressed as Ligyaistades, yet he objected to his hedonism and singled out this couplet for criticism:

Girl playing the aulos, an instrument conventionally used to accompany the singing of elegies.

αἲ γὰρ ἄτερ νούσων τε καὶ ἀργαλέων μελεδωνέων

ἑξηκονταέτη μοῖρα κίχοι θανάτου.

"Would that my fated death might come at sixty, unattended by sickness and grievous cares."^[9]

Solon thought he should be willing to live to eighty. Plutarch was another ancient author critical of the poet's self-indulgence, dismissing one poem (see Fragment 1 in Poetic style below) as "the utterances of intemperate people."^[10] Mimnermus however was not timid in his hedonism, as indicated by a couplet attributed to him in the Palatine Anthology, an exhortation to others to live intemperately: "Enjoy yourself. Some of the harsh citizens will speak ill of you, some better.". However, the same lines have also been attributed to Theognis.^[11] A robust side to his personality is shown by his versatility as a poet. Archaic elegy was often used for patriotic purposes, to screw courage to the sticking place in times of war and to celebrate national achievements, and there is ample evidence that Mimnermus assumed this role as a poet. A quote recorded by the geographer Strabo represents the earliest surviving account of the Ionian migration, celebrating the settlement of Colophon and Smyrna from Pylos,^{[12] [13]} while another quote, recorded by Stobaeus, describes the heroic exploits of a Greek warrior against the cavalry of the Lydian king, Gyges, early in the 7th century — Mimnermus evidently hoped thereby to strengthen his countrymen's resolve against further Lydian encroachments.^[14] In fact the name 'Mimnermus' might have been chosen by his parents to commemmorate a famous Smyrnean victory against Gyges near the Hermus river (and yet names ending in 'ermus' were quite common in Ionia).^[15] He was alive when Smyrna was besieged for the final time by the Lydians under Alyattes II and possibly he died with the town.^[16] The disappearance of Smyrna for the next three hundred years might be the reason why Colophon was able to claim the poet as one of its own, yet Smyrna's own claim persisted and this suggests that its claim had the advantage of being true.^[17]

Unlike epic and lyric verse, which were accompanied by stringed instruments (the cithara and barbiton respectively), elegy was accompanied by a wind instrument (the aulos) and its performance therefore required at least two people — one to sing and one to play.^[18] Ancient accounts associate Mimnermus with a female aulos player, Nanno, and one makes him her lover (see quote from Hermesianax in Comments by other poets below). Another ancient source indicates that Mimnermus was a pederast,^[19] which is consistent with conventional sexual themes in Greek elegy. However, as noted by Martin Litchfield West, Mimnermus could have been a pederast and yet still have composed elegies about his love for Nanno: "Greek pederasty...was for the most part a substitute for heterosexual love, free contacts between the sexes being restricted by society."^[20] Mimnermus apparently was also capable of playing all by himself — Strabo described him as "both a pipe-player and an elegiac poet".^[21] According to the poet Hipponax, Mimnermus when piping used the melancholy "fig-branch strain," apparently a traditional melody played while scapegoats were ritually driven from town, whipped with fig branches.^[22]

Weeping Stone, Mount Sipylos — associated with the tragic figure of Niobe.

Smyrna lay near Mount Sipylos, one of whose rocky outcrops was traditionally imagined to be the tragic figure Niobe. Like other archaic poets, Mimnermus adapted myths to his own artistic needs and Aelian recorded that he attributed twenty children to Niobe, unlike Homer, for example, who attributed twelve to her.^[23] According to Sallustius, Mimnermus was just as creative in his poetical account of Ismene, representing her as being killed by Tydeus at the command of the goddess, Athena, in the very act of making love to Theoclymenus^[24] — an original account that was soon accepted by an international audience, being represented on an early Corinthian amphora^[25] (pictured below). Imaginative accounts of the sun, voyaging at night from west to east in a golden bed, and of Jason the Argonaut voyaging to "Aeetes' city, where the rays of the swift Sun lie in a golden storeroom at the edge of Oceanus", survive in brief quotes by ancient authors.^[26] According to Strabo, Smyrna was named after an Amazon and, according to a manuscript on proverbs, Mimnermus once composed on the theme of the proverb "A lame man makes the best lover", illustrating the Amazonian practice of maiming their men.^[27]

Ancient commentators sometimes refer to a work called Nanno and there is one clear reference to a work called Smyrneis. Modern scholars have concluded that these could be the two books mentioned by Porphyrion. Nanno appears to have been a collection of short poems on a variety of themes (not just love), whereas Smyrneis appears to have been a quasi-epic about Smyrna's confrontation with the Lydians. A cryptic comment by the Hellenistic poet, Callimachus (see Comments by other poets below), also seems to refer to those two books, commending one for "sweetness" and destinguishing it from "the great lady". The latter seems to be a reference to Smyrneis, whereas the sweet verses — apparently the slender, economical kind of verses on which Callimachus modelled his own poetry — appear to refer to Nanno. However, the comment is preserved as an incomplete fragment and modern scholars are not unanimous in their interpretation of it.^[28] Another Callimachus fragment has been interpreted as proof that Mimnermus composed some iambic verse but this conjecture has also been disputed.^[29]

Poetic style

Corinthian vase depicting Mimnermus's original account of Ismene's death. Tydeus is depicted in black (usual for a male), Ismene and her fleeing lover Theoclymenus are white (usual for females and appropriate for an adulterous male on the run).^[30]

Elegy has been described as "a variation upon the heroic hexameter, in the direction of lyric poetry,"^[31] and, in Mimnermus, this takes the form of a variation on Homer, as appears for example in Fragment 1, quoted below, about which one modern scholar had this to say.

"Mimnermus' dependence on Homer is striking: it is amusing to see him express such un-Homeric thoughts as those of fr.1 in language which is almost entirely Homer's. Homer's vocabulary, line-endings, formulas, similes, all reappear, but from this material Mimnermus creates quite a distinctive poetry of easy grace and pleasing rhythm..." — David A. Campbell^[32]

Fragment 1

τίς δὲ βίος, τί δὲ τερπνὸν ἄτερ χρυσῆς Ἀφροδίτης;

τεθναίην, ὅτε μοι μηκέτι ταῦτα μέλοι,

κρυπταδίη φιλότης καὶ μείλιχα δῶρα καὶ εὐνή·

οἷ’ ἥβης ἄνθεα γίγνεται ἁρπαλέα

ἀνδράσιν ἠδὲ γυναιξίν· ἐπεὶ δ’ ὀδυνηρὸν ἐπέλθῃ

γῆρας, ὅ τ’ αἰσχρὸν ὁμῶς καὶ καλὸν ἄνδρα τιθεῖ,

αἰεί μιν φρένας ἀμφὶ κακαὶ τείρουσι μέριμναι,

οὐδ’ αὐγὰς προσορῶν τέρπεται ἠελίου,

ἀλλ’ ἐχθρὸς μὲν παισίν, ἀτίμαστος δὲ γυναιξίν·

οὕτως ἀργαλέον γῆρας ἔθηκε θεός.

Typically, the elegiac couplet enabled a poet to develop his ideas in brief, striking phrases, often made more memorable by internal rhyme in the shorter, pentameter line.^[33] Mimnermus employs the internal rhyme in the pentameter lines 2 (μοι... μέλοι) and 4 (ἄνθεα...ἁρπαλέα). Here is the same poem paraphrased in English to imitate the rhythms of an elegy, with half-rhymes employed in the same lines 2 (far...for) and 4 (youth...bloom):

What is life, what is sweet, if it is missing golden Aphrodite?

Death would be better by far than to live with no time for

Amorous assignations and the gift of tenderness and bedrooms,

All of those things that give youth all of its covetted bloom,

Both for men and for women. But when there arrives the vexatiousness

Of old age, even good looks alter to unsightliness

And the heart wears away under the endlessness of its anxieties:

There is no joy anymore then in the light of the sun;

In children there is found hate and in women there is found no respect.

So difficult has old age been made for us all by God!

Commenting on the poem, Maurice Bowra observed that "...after the challenging, flaunting opening we are led through a swift account of youth, and then as we approach the horrors of old age, the verse becomes slower, the sentences shorter, the stops more emphatic, until the poet closes with a short, damning line of summary."^[34]

Of all the other early elegists, only Archilochus might be compared with Mimnermus for effective use of language,^[35] both being lifelong poets of outstanding skill.^[36]

Comments by other poets

Solon

Addressing Mimnermus and criticizing him for his stated wish to die at 60 years of age, as quoted above in Life and work, the Athenian sage said:

ἀλλ᾽ εἴ μοι κἂν νῦν ἔτι πείσεαι, ἔξελε τοῦτον: —

μηδὲ μέγαιρ᾽ ὅτι σεῦ λῷον ἐπεφρασάμην: —

καὶ μεταποίησον, Λιγυαιστάδη, ὧδε δ᾽ ἄειδε:

ὀγδωκονταέτη μοῖρα κίχοι θανάτου.^[37]

"But if even now you will listen to me, remove this (i.e. Mimnermus's objectionable verse) —

and do not be offended because my thoughts are better than yours —

and changing it, Ligyaistades, sing as follows:

May my fated death come at eighty."^[38]

Hermesianax

"And Mimnermus who, after much suffering, discovered the sweet sound and breath given off by the soft pentameter, was on fire for Nanno..."^[39]

Callimachus

Defining the kind of poetry he liked and believed best suited to his own, much later times, the Alexandrian scholar-poet commended Mimnermus thus [brackets indicate gaps in the text]:

"Of the two [types of poetry] it was his slender [verses?], not the big lady, that revealed Mimnermus' sweetness.

Propertius

plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero:

carmina mansuetus lenia quaerit Amor.^[40]

"In love the verses of Mimnermus prevail over those of Homer.

Gentle love calls for soft songs."^[41]

Horace

si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore iocisque

nil est iucundum, vivas in amore iocisque.^[42]

"If, as Mimnermus believes, without love and jests

There is no joy, may you live amid love and jests."^[43]

Translations

1. Greek lyric: an anthology in translation By Andrew M. Miller
2. Loeb vol. 1 lyric poetry
3. Several fragments translated by Steve Hays
4. Translation of Fragment 2 into Elegiac couplets

References

1. ^ Plutarch de.facie.lun., cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), pages 99-101
2. ^ J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 136
3. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 6
4. ^ David A. Cambell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 222
5. ^ Suda, cited and translated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 73 note 3
6. ^ Porph. in Hor. epist. 2.2.101, cited, translated and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 77 note 1
7. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 73 note 1
8. ^ A. Allen, The Fragments of Mimnermus: Text and Commentary, (Stuttgart 1993) page 13 note 17
9. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 85
10. ^ Plutarch de virt.mor. 6.445f, cited and translated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 81
11. ^ Anth.Pal. 9.50 = Theognis 795-96, cited, translated and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), pages 86 and 289
12. ^ J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 134
13. ^ Strabo.14.1.4 and 14.1.3, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), pages 87-9
14. ^ Stobaeus 3.7.11, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), pages 95-7
15. ^ Martin Litchfield West, Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus, Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1974), page 73
16. ^ Stobaeus 3.7.11, cited by David A. Cambell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 222-23
17. ^ David A. Cambell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 222
18. ^ J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 128
19. ^ Alexander Aetolus fr.5.4-5 Powell ap. Ath. 15.699b, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 77
20. ^ Martin Litchfield West, Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus, Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1974), page 75
21. ^ Strabo 14.1.28, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 72
22. ^ Pseudo-Plutarch de musica 8.1133f=Hipponax fr. 153 W., cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 77
23. ^ Aelian V.H. 12.36, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 99
24. ^ Sallustius' preface to Sophocles, Antigone, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 99
25. ^ J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 136
26. ^ Athenaeus 11.470a, and Strabo 1.2.40, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 91-3
27. ^ Manuscript on proverbs, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 101-3
28. ^ A. Allen, The Fragments of Mimnermus: Text and Commentary, (Stuttgart 1993) pages 146-56
29. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, A Companion to Greek Lyric Poets, Brill (1997) page 111
30. ^ James I Porter (ed), Construction of the Classical Body, University of Michigan Press (1999), pages 13, 38 Google preview
31. ^ W.R.Hardie, Res Metrica 49, cited by David A. Cambell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Classical Press (1982), page xxiv-v
32. ^ David A. Cambell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 223-4
33. ^ David A. Campbell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Press (1982), page xxv
34. ^ Maurice Bowra, E.G.E.19, quoted by David A. Campbell, Greek Lyric Poetry, Bristol Press (1982), page 224
35. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, A Companion to Greek Lyric Poets, Brill (1997) page 112
36. ^ J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press (1985), page 133-34
37. ^ Solon quoted by Diogenes Laertius 1.60
38. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 141
39. ^ Hermesianax fr.7.35-37 Powell ap. Ath. 13.597f, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 75
40. ^ Propertius 1.9.11-12
41. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 79
42. ^ Horace, epist. 1.6.65-66
43. ^ Douglas E. Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry, Loeb (1999), page 79