Buju Banton

Buju Banton
Buju Banton performing at Ilosaarirock, 2006
Background information
Birth name	Mark Anthony Myrie
Also known as	Gargamel
Born	July 15, 1973 (1973-07-15) (age 38)
Origin	Kingston, Jamaica
Genres	Reggae, Dancehall, Reggae fusion, Roots reggae
Occupations	Deejay, Singer
Years active	1987-2011
Labels	Gargamel Music
Website	www.gargamelmusic.com

Buju Banton (born Mark Anthony Myrie July 15, 1973)^[1] is a Jamaican dancehall, ragga, and reggae musician. Banton has recorded Pop and Dance songs, as well as songs dealing with sociopolitical topics. Banton has an international reputation for his anti-gay hit, "Boom Bye Bye". He has since attributed the track's misguided lyrics to the ignorance of his youth.

Currently, he is serving a ten-year sentence in a United States federal prison on drug conspiracy and firearms convictions, with a scheduled release date of January 2019.

Biography

Background

Buju Banton was born in Kingston, Jamaica in a poor neighborhood called Salt Lane. Buju is a nickname given to chubby children that means breadfruit and was given to him by his mother as a child. Banton is a Jamaican word that refers to someone who is a respected storyteller, and it was adopted by Myrie in tribute to the deejay Burro Banton, whom Buju admired as a child.^[2] It was Burro's rough gravelly vocals that Buju emulated and ultimately made his own. Buju's mother was a higgler, or street vendor, while his father worked as a labourer at a tile factory. He was the youngest of fifteen children born into a family that was directly descended from the Maroons of Jamaica.

Early career

As a youngster, Buju would often watch his favorite artists perform at outdoor shows and local dancehalls in Denham Town. At the age of 12, he picked up the [microphone] for himself and began toasting under the moniker of Gargamel, working with the Sweet Love and Rambo Mango sound systems.^[2] In 1986, he was introduced to producer Robert Ffrench by fellow deejay Clement Irie, and his first single, "The Ruler" was released not long afterwards in 1987.^[2] This led to recording sessions with producers such as Patrick Roberts, Bunny Lee, Winston Riley, and Digital B, and in 1988, aged 15, he first recorded the controversial song "Boom Bye Bye," which contained homophobic lyrics.^[2] The song was written in response to a widely reported man/boy rape case in Jamaica.

1990s

In 1991, Buju joined Donovan Germain's Penthouse Records label and began a fruitful partnership with producer Dave Kelly who later launched his own Madhouse Records label.^[2] Buju is one of the most popular musicians in Jamaican history, having major chart success in 1992, with "Bogle" and "Love me Browning", both massive hits in Jamaica. Controversy erupted over "Love Me Browning" which spoke of Banton's penchant for light-skinned women: "I love my car I love my house I love my money and ting, but most of all I love my browning." Some accused Banton of promoting a colonialist mindset and denigrating the beauty of dark skinned black women. In response, he released "Love Black Woman" which spoke of his love for dark-skinned beauties: "Mi nuh Stop cry, fi all black women, respect all the girls dem with dark complexion".^[3] 1992 was an explosive year for Buju as he broke Bob Marley's record for the greatest number of number one singles in a year. Beginning with "Woman fi Sex", Buju's gruff voice dominated the Jamaican airwaves for the duration of the year. Banton's debut album, Mr. Mention, includes his greatest hits from that year. 1992 saw the unsanctioned re-release of "Boom Bye Bye", which almost destroyed his career.^[2] The song was the subject of outrage in the United States and Europe, leading to Banton being dropped from the line-up of the WOMAD festival that year.^[2] Banton subsequently issued a public apology.^[2]

Now on the major Mercury/PolyGram Records label, Banton released the hard-hitting Voice of Jamaica in 1993. The album included a number of conscious tracks. These tracks included "Deportees" a song which criticized those Jamaicans who went abroad but never sent money home, a remix of Little Roy's "Tribal War," a sharp condemnation of political violence, and "Willy, Don't Be Silly" which promoted safe sex and the use of contraceptives, particularly the condom, profits from which were donated to a charity supporting children with AIDS.^[2] He was invited to meet Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson, and won several awards that year at the Caribbean Music Awards, the Canadian Music Awards, and the Topeka ceremony.^[2]

Banton's lyrics often dealt with violence, which he explained as reflecting the images that young Jamaicans were presented with by the news media, but the reality of Kingston's violence was brought home in 1993 by the murders in separate incidents of two of his friends and fellow recording artists, the deejays Pan Head and Dirtsman.^[2] His response was the single "Murderer", which condemned gun violence, going against the flow of the prevailing lyrical content in dancehall. The song inspired several clubs to stop playing songs with excessively violent subject matter. Late in 1994, Buju was also affected by the death of his friend Garnett Silk. Buju's transformation continued, embracing the Rastafari movement and growing dreadlocks. He joined "conscious" deejay Tony Rebel, Papa San, and General Degree in the Yardcore Collective. His performances and musical releases took on a more spiritual tone. Banton toured Europe and Japan, playing sold out shows, and performed before 20,000 in Trinidad and Tobago.^[2]

'Til Shiloh (1995) was a very influential album, using a studio band instead of synthesized music, and marking a slight shift away from dancehall towards roots reggae for Banton. Buju claimed to have sighted Rastafari and his new album reflected these beliefs. 'Til Shiloh successfully blended conscious lyrics with a hard-hitting dancehall vibe. The album included earlier singles such as "Murderer", and "Untold Stories". "Untold Stories" revealed an entirely different Buju Banton from the one that had stormed to dancehall stardom. It is regarded by many as some of his best work, and is a staple in the Banton performance repertoire. Reminiscent in mood and delivery to "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Untold Stories" won Buju Banton many favorable comparisons to the late singer. This album had a large impact on dancehall music and proved that dancehall audiences had not forgotten the message that Roots Reggae expounded with the use of "conscious" lyrics". Dancehall music did not move away from slack and violent lyrics, but the album did pave the way for a greater spirituality within the music. In the wake of Buju's transformation to Rastafari, many artists, such as Capleton, converted to the faith and began to denounce violence.

In 1996, Buju contributed "Wanna Be Loved (Desea ser Amado)" along with Los Pericos to the Red Hot Organization's album Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin for the Red Hot Benefit Series. This series raises money to increase AIDS awareness.

Inna Heights (1997) substantially increased Banton's international audience as Buju explored his singing ability and recorded a number of roots-tinged tracks, including the hugely popular "Destiny" and "Hills and Valleys". The album also included collaborations with artists such as Beres Hammond and the legendary Toots Hibbert. The album was well-received but had distribution problems. Also, some fans were disappointed, having hoped for another ground-breaking album like 'Til Shiloh. Still, Buju's experimentation and soaring vocals impressed many fans and this album remains a highly regarded work.

In 1998, Buju met the punk band Rancid and recorded three tracks with them: "Misty Days", "Hooligans" and "Life Won't Wait". The latter became the title track of Rancid's 1998 album, Life Won't Wait.

2000s

Buju Banton performing in 2007.

Buju signed with Anti- Records, a subsidiary of Brett Gurewitz's Epitaph records, and released Unchained Spirit in 2000.^[4] The album showcased diverse musical styles, and featured guest appearances by Luciano, Morgan Heritage, Stephen Marley, and Rancid. It carried little of the roots feel heard on 'Til Shiloh and virtually none of the hardcore dancehall sound which had brought him to public acclaim early in his career. It was a departure which left many fans uncomfortable. 

Several singles followed in the start of the new decade, which were perceived as more mellow and introspective, as opposed to the dancehall approach of his early career. In March 2003, Banton released Friends for Life, which featured more sharply political songs, including "Mr. Nine", an anti-gun hit.^[5] The album focused on political messages regarding the African diaspora, featuring excerpts from a speech made by Marcus Garvey. "Paid Not Played", also featured on the album, displayed a gradual return to the themes more popular in dancehall. The album also featured some hip hop influence with the inclusion of rapper Fat Joe.

2006 saw the release of the Too Bad, an album more dancehall-orientated in style. One of the slower tracks from the album, "Driver A", went on to become a major hit, while at the same time reviving Sly & Robbie's "Taxi" riddim.

He performed at the Cricket World Cup 2007 Opening Ceremony with Third World and Beres Hammond.

The album Rasta Got Soul was released on April 21, 2009, a date which marked the 43rd anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie's visit to Jamaica in 1966. Produced by Banton, with contributions from longtime collaborators Donovan Germain, Stephen Marsden and Wyclef Jean, Rasta Got Soul was recorded over a seven year period before its release. It went on to become his fourth Grammy nomination for Best Reggae Album in 2010.

On February 13, 2011, one day before the scheduled start of his second court trial in Tampa, Florida, Buju Banton's Before the Dawn album was announced as the winner of Best Reggae Album at the 53rd annual Grammy Awards.^[6]

Controversies

Anti-gay stance

Banton has attracted criticism over his anti-gay lyrics. His monster hit "Boom Bye Bye", released in 1988 (and re-recorded in 1992), contains lyrics inciting the murder of gay men (with "boom bye bye" being onomatopoeia for the sounds of gunshot). In 2009 gay rights group appealed to venues around the United States not to host Buju Banton.^[7] Banton attributed his anti-homosexual point of views to the immaturity of his youth, he was 15 years old when the song was first recorded.

In 2007 Banton was allegedly among a number of reggae artists who signed a pledge, the Reggae Compassionate Act, created by the Stop Murder Music campaign, to refrain from performing homophobic songs or making homophobic statements,^[8] but he later denied that he had made any such commitment.^[9]

Federal drug charges

Mug shot of Banton taken after his arrest.

In December 2009 Drug Enforcement Administration agents remanded Banton to custody in Miami, where the U.S. Attorney charged him with conspiracy to distribute and possession of more than five kilograms of cocaine.^[10] A six-day trial in Tampa, Florida was declared a mistrial on September 27, 2010, after the jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision.^[11] During the trial, audio recordings were presented of Banton and a drug-dealer-turned-government-informant discussing drugs, drug prices and smuggling. Banton was also seen on a video recording meeting the informant in a police-controlled warehouse tasting cocaine from a kilogram bag.^[11] The informant was reportedly paid $50,000 for his work on the case.^[11] The singer was released that November on bond,^[12] and a new trial was scheduled for February 2011 after prosecutors won reindictment.

He was allowed to perform one concert between trials, which was held on January 16, 2011 to a sold-out crowd in Miami.^[13]

On February 22, 2011, Banton was found guilty of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine, possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking offense and using communication wires to facilitate a drug-trafficking offense. He was found not guilty on the charge of attempted possession of five kilograms or more of cocaine.^[14] Four months later, he was sentenced to ten years and one month in a federal prison for the cocaine trafficking conviction.^[15] He is scheduled to be released in January 2019.^[16]

Discography

Main article: Buju Banton discography

• 1992: Stamina Daddy (later repackaged as Quick)
• 1992: Mr. Mention
• 1993: Voice of Jamaica
• 1995: 'Til Shiloh
• 1997: Inna Heights
• 2000: Unchained Spirit
• 2003: Friends for Life
• 2006: Too Bad
• 2009: Rasta Got Soul
• 2010: Before the Dawn

References

1. ^ Larkin, Colin (1998) "The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae", Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Thompson, Dave (2002) "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6
3. ^ Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) "The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.", Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4
4. ^ Moskowitz, David V. (2006) Caribbean Popular Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33158-8, p.20
5. ^ Spaulding, Gary. Buju's colourful career. Jamaica Gleaner. December 13, 2009. Retrieved 2011-2-28.
6. ^ Buju to be re-indicted before grand jury
7. ^ GLN MURDER MUSIC NEWS "Buju Banton's 2009 U.S.A. tour: Canceled Shows & Current Bookings"
8. ^ Topping, Alexandra. "Victory for gay rights campaign as reggae star agrees to ditch homophobic lyrics", The Guardian, 23 July 2007.
9. ^ "Immigration minister criticised for letting homophobic artist into Canada", Pink News, October 9, 2008.
10. ^ Katz, Neil (Dec 14, 2009). "Reggae Star Buju Banton Arrested for 5-Kilo Cocaine Buy, Say Feds". CBSNews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-5978338-504083.html. Retrieved 9 July 2011. 
11. ^ ^{a b c} Hutcheson, Nicole (Sept 28, 2010). "Mistrial declared in drug conspiracy case against reggae star Buju Banton". St. Petersberg Times. TampaBay.com. http://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/article1124448.ece. Retrieved 9 July 2011. 
12. ^ Buju Banton Released From Jail
13. ^ Park, Esther (Jan 17, 2011). "Buju Banton and Friends Concert at Bayfront Park Amphitheather, January 16". Miami New Times. 
14. ^ Luton, Daraine. Destiny - Buju Banton found guilty - Sentencing date to be determined. Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
15. ^ Stacy, Mitch (June 23, 2011). "Reggae star Buju Banton gets 10 years in drug case". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/23/2280320/reggae-star-buju-banton-faces.html. Retrieved 2011-06-29. 
16. ^ "Inmate Locator: Mark Anthony Myrie". Federal Bureau of Prisons. bop.gov. September 17, 2011. http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Mark&Middle=&LastName=Myrie&Race=B&Sex=M&Age=&x=88&y=18. Retrieved 2011-9-21. 

External links

• Buju Banton @ Reggaeville
• Buju Banton Wins 2011 Grammy Award For Best Reggae Album
• Buju Banton Federal Drug Charge
• Official website
• discogs.com entry

Persondata
Name	Banton, Buju
Alternative names	Gargamel
Short description
Date of birth	1973-07-15
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death