Croft (land)

See also: crofting

The Shetland Crofthouse Museum, with peat stacked outside.

A croft is a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable with a crofter's dwelling thereon. A crofter is one who has tenure and use of the land, typically as a tenant farmer.

Etymology

The word croft is West Germanic in etymology^[1], and is now most familiar in Scotland, most crofts being in the Highlands and Islands area. Elsewhere the expression is generally archaic. In Scottish Gaelic, it is rendered croit (pron. [krɔtʲ], plural croitean [krɔtʲan])

Essentially similar positions have been the medieval villein and the Swedish torpare and Norwegian husmenn.

Legislation

The Scottish croft is a small agricultural landholding of a type which has been subject to special legislation in the United Kingdom since 1886.^[2] The legislation is largely a response to the complaints and demands of tenant families who were victims of the Highland Clearances. The modern crofters or tenants appear very little in evidence before the beginning of the 18th century. They were tenants at will underneath the tacksman and wadsetters, but practically their tenure was secure enough. The first evidence that can be found of small tenants holding directly of the proprietor is in a rental of the estates of Sir D. MacDonald in Skye and North Uist in 1715.

The Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Crofters' Act, 1886, after the Highland Land League had gained seats in that parliament. The government was then Liberal, with William Ewart Gladstone as Prime Minister. Another Crofters' Act was created in 1993 (the Crofters' (Scotland) Act, 1993). The earlier Act established the first Crofting Commission, but its responsibilities were quite different from those of the newer Crofters Commission created in 1955. The Commission is based in Inverness.

Crofts held subject to the provisions of the Crofters' Acts are in the administrative counties of Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross-shire, Inverness-shire and Argyll, in the north and west of Scotland.

Under the 1886 legislation (the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act) protected crofters are also members of a crofters' township, consisting of tenants of neighbouring crofts with a shared right to use common pasture.

Since 1976 it has been legally possible for a crofter to acquire title to his croft, thus becoming an owner-occupier.

References

1. ^ From Old English 'croft', enclosed field, app. corresp. to Du. kroft, krocht, prominent rocky height, high and dry land, field on the downs. Ulterior etymology unknown. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd. ed., 1989
2. ^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people. Volume 3 (revised ed.). W. and R. Chambers. 1901. p. 575. http://books.google.com/books?id=3zooAAAAYAAJ&. Retrieved August 2009. 

• This article incorporates text from "Dwelly's [Scottish] Gaelic Dictionary" (1911). (Croitear)

External links

• Scottish Crofting Federation
• Crofters Commission