Polish Crown Jewels

Replicas of the Crown of Bolesław I the Brave, the royal orb and sceptre used for the coronation of Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764

The only surviving original piece of the Polish Crown Jewels from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword - Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other preserved royal items in the Wawel Royal Castle Museum, Kraków.

Several royal crowns were made, including several during the 16th Century, a "Hungarian Crown", a "Swedish Crown" used by the Vasa kings, and others that were subsequently lost or destroyed. The crown jewels used by the Saxon kings and some reminders of the Polish monarchs (like a cup of Queen Jadwiga so-called roztruchan, or magnificent scale armour, so-called karacena, of King Jan III Sobieski^[1] appropriated by Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony)^[2][3][4] are today displayed in the Grünes Gewölbe and the Rüstkammer in Dresden, Germany.

History

Polish replica of the Holy Lance, Wawel Cathedral Treasury

In 1000 CE, during his pilgrimage to the tomb of Saint Adalbert in Gniezno, the capital of Poland until about 1040, Emperor Otto III officially recognized Duke Bolesław I the Brave as King of Poland (see Congress of Gniezno), crowning him and presenting him with a replica of the Holy Lance, also known as Saint Maurice's Spear.^[5] This relic, together with the vexillum attached to it, was probably the first insignia of the nascent Kingdom of Poland, a symbol of King Bolesław's rule, and of his allegiance to the Emperor.^[5] It remains unknown what images, if any, were painted or embroidered on the vexillum.^[5]

Starting from 1320 the Crown jewels of the Polish kings were kept in the treasury of the Wawel Cathedral.^[6] In 1370 Louis I of Hungary decided to transfer the Polish regalia to Hungary and they were returned in 1412 to Andrzej of Rożnów embassy by Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg.^[6] During the reign of the Jagiellons the jewels were moved from the cathedral to the Wawel Castle and placed in the specially prepared Crown Treasury. In the 17th century they were repeatedly brought to Warsaw for the coronations of the Polish Queens.^[7] During the Deluge in 1655, the royal insignia were evacuated from the castle by Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Grand Marshal of the Crown and hidden in the old castle in Stará Ľubovňa.^[8] They were stored there until 1661. In 1703 during the Great Northern War they were hidden again, first in Silesia, then in Moravia. During the double election of 1733, the regalia were stolen by the follower of Stanisław Leszczyński, Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński, Grand Treasurer of the Crown, who concealed them in the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw.^[9] In 1734, however, they were recovered from the hideout and deposited in the Bright Mountain Monastery, where they remain till 1736.^[6] In 1764, with the consent of the Sejm, the royal insignia were transported to Warsaw for the coronation of King Stanisław August Poniatowski.^[10] Later returned to the Wawel Castle, where they were kept till the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

On June 15, 1794 the Prussian Army entered Kraków and take the Wawel Castle, which was turned into a fortress. Shortly thereafter, the city commandant, general Leopold von Reuts began a correspondence with Berlin on the fate of furnishings of the Polish kings residence.^[11] In the greatest secrecy, by order of king Frederick William II of Prussia, he had to transfer the content of the Crown Treasury to Anton Ludwig von Hoym, which in turn had to secure its transport through Silesia to Berlin.^[11] The locksmith brought by the Prussians broke the locks of the treasury and then opened all the boxes.^[11] The valuables were transported on the night of 3 on 4 October 1795 and found its place in the collection of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin.^[11]

In 1800 the valuables were stored in the Berlin City Palace, where they were admired by Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, as he informed Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz.^[12] In 1809 the Polish regalia were valued at 525,259 thalers and shortly after on March 17, 1809, in accordance with the decision of Frederick William III of Prussia, all of them have been melted down.^[12] The obtained gold was reused to make coins, while precious stones and pearls were handed to the Directorate of Maritime Trade in Berlin.^[12]

Components

Detailed drawing by Krzysztof Józef Werner of parts of the crown jewels such as the sword Szczerbiec, Crown of Bolesław I the Brave, royal sceptre and orb (before 1794)

Sigismund III on catafalque displayed in the Guard Chamber at the Royal Castle in Warsaw. Painted by Christian Melich, ca. 1632. The King was depicted with the "Muscovy Crown" on his head and the "Swedish Crown" put on a pillow next to him.

According to an inventory of the State Treasury at the Wawel performed in 1633 by the Jerzy Ossoliński, Great Crown Chancellor the Crown Regalia (Jewels) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (kept in 5 chests) consists of:

• the Crown of Bolesław I the Brave, according to a legend handed over to the first Polish monarch by Emperor Otto III, made for Władysław I the Elbow-high
• the so-called "Queens Crown" made for Jadwiga of Kalisz
• the so-called "Hungarian Crown" made for John II Sigismund Zápolya according to Crown of Saint Stephen
• the so-called "Homagial Crown" for receiving homages, made for Władysław II Jagiełło
• the so-called "Funebralis Crown" intended for funeral ceremonies of the Polish monarchs, made for Stephen Báthory
• three sceptres and three silver orbs
• a silver chain with the relic of the holy cross (Crux cum ligno Vitae)
• the Ruthenian crosses and relics
• Latin Bible copied on parchment
• rhinoceros horn (Cornus Rynocerotis)
• Szczerbiec, the coronation sword that was used in crowning ceremonies of most kings of Poland
• Grunwald Swords, two Teutonic Order swords received at the Battle of Grunwald by King Władysław Jagiełło
• the sword of Bolesław the Bold
• the sword of Sigismund I the Old
• three hats fringed with pearls
• a large chest with jewel boxes, which contained a large ruby, a 0.94 carats (190 mg) diamond, 200 diamonds, a large emerald, among others.^[13][14][15]

Also a private treasury of the Vasas (kept at the Royal Castle in Warsaw) consisted of:

• the "Swedish Crown" made for King Sigismund II Augustus
• the "Muscovy Crown" made in about 1610 for Prince Władysław Vasa's coronation as a Tsar of Russia
• a silver White Eagle heraldic base for the royal crown (pure silver, partly gilded, 89 cm heigh); the eagle was created for King John II Casimir in Augsburg by Abraham Drentwett and Heinrich Mannlich in about 1666; presented in the times of a military weakness of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Deluge and lost war against the Ottoman Empire to Tsar of Russia by King Michael Korybut.^[16]

In 1697 a Freiburg's goldsmith Johann Friedrich Klemm executed a replacement for the Polish Crown Jewels, known as the Crown of Augustus II the Strong and intended for his coronation as a King of Poland.^[17] It was never used however, because of two monks, who broke into the State Treasury the Wawel Castle and stole the original regalia.^[17] The Augustus II's crown is kept in the Dresden Armory.^[17]

All of the original crown regalia were looted by the Germans (except for the "Muscovy Crown") in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Commonwealth and destroyed on the order of Frederick William III of Prussia in March 1809 (except for the Szczerbiec).^[14][18]

In 1925 Polish Government purchased the silver regalia of King Augustus III and Queen Maria Josepha in Vienna for $ 35,000 (175 000 zł). It consisted of 2 crowns, 2 sceptres and 2 orbs made in about 1733. The original Crown Regalia were hidden by Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński during the War of the Polish Succession.^[19] The jewels were exhibited in Warsaw till 1939 and in 1940 they were stolen by German forces.^[19] Later they were found by the Soviet troops in Germany and sent to the USSR where they remained until 1960, when they were returned to Poland.^[19] Today are deposited in the National Museum in Warsaw.^[20]

Gallery

• 

  Coronation robe of Władysław IV (detail) with Polish and Swedish Coats of arms

• 

  Silver White Eagle heraldic base for the royal crown

• 

  Silver regalia of King Augustus III of Poland and Queen Maria Josepha

See also

• Crown jewels
• Royal coronations in Poland
• Gniezno Cathedral
• Wawel Cathedral
• St. John's Cathedral
• Royal Casket
• Płock Diadem

References

Notes

1. ^ Jan III Sobieski's Karacenaat the Wilanów Palace Museum
2. ^ (Polish) Hanna Widacka. "Karacena Jana III Sobieskiego". www.wilanow-palac.art.pl. http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/index.php?enc=344. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 
3. ^ (Polish) "Kultura artystyczna dworu królewskiego i katedry". www.krakow2000.pl. http://www.krakow2000.pl/biuletyn/biuletyn_33/biuletyn_4.html. Retrieved 2009-02-16. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ (Polish) Lileyko Jerzy (1980). Vademecum Zamku Warszawskiego (Vademecum of the Royal Castle in Warsaw). p. 129. ISBN 83-22318-18-9. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} Lileyko 1987, p. 12
6. ^ ^{a b c} Rożek 1987, p. 78
7. ^ Rożek 1987, p. 60
8. ^ Rożek 1987, p. 83
9. ^ Rożek 1987, p. 89
10. ^ Rożek 1987, p. 90
11. ^ ^{a b c d} (Polish) "Kradzież i zniszczenie". www.replikiregaliowpl.com. http://www.replikiregaliowpl.com/kradziez.html. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
12. ^ ^{a b c} (Polish) Monika Kuhnke. "Rabunek od czasów zaborów do II wojny światowej". www.zabytki.pl. http://www.zabytki.pl/sources/straty/wstep.html. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
13. ^ Rożek 1987, p. 82
14. ^ ^{a b} (Polish) Margaret Odrowaz-Sypniewska. "POLAND'S CROWNS". www.angelfire.com. http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/Crowns.html. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 
15. ^ (Polish) Michał Myśliński (2007). Klejnoty Rzeczypospolitej. Zawartość Skarbca Koronnego na Wawelu w świetle jego inwentarzy z lat 1475-1792. ISBN 978-83-89101-71-6. 
16. ^ (English) Barry Shifman (October 2001). "Gifts to the czars". findarticles.com. Magazine Antiques. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_4_160/ai_79030147/pg_5. Retrieved 2009-02-16. ^{[dead link]}
17. ^ ^{a b c} Rożek 1987, p. 145
18. ^ (English) "Crown Treasury and Armoury". www.wawel.krakow.pl. http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=8,1,5. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 
19. ^ ^{a b c} Lileyko 1987, pp. 106–107
20. ^ (English) Karol Estreicher (1945). The Mystery of the Polish Crown Jewels. Alliance Press Limited. p. 25. 

Bibliography

1. (Polish) Lileyko, Jerzy (1987), Polskie Regalia Polskie (Polish Regalia), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, ISBN 83-03-02021-8 .
2. (Polish) Rożek, Michał (1987), Polskie koronacje i korony (Polish coronations and crowns), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, ISBN 8-30-301914-7 .

External links

• (English) Crown Treasury and Armoury
• (Polish) Polish Crown Replicas
• (Polish) The National Museum in Warsaw Silver regalia of King Augustus III and Queen Maria Josepha.