Holy Lance

The Holy Lance (also known as the Spear of Destiny, Holy Spear, Lance of Longinus, Spear of Longinus or Spear of Christ) is the name given to the lance that pierced Jesus's side in John's account of the crucifixion.

Biblical references

The lance is mentioned only in the "Gospel of John" ( Catholics generally see in it a deeper meaning: it represents the Church (and more specifically, the sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist) issuing from the side of Christ, just as Eve was taken from the side of Adam.

The earliest mention of a relic preserved as the Holy Lance is in the account of the pilgrim Antoninus of Piacenza, about 570, who described the holy places of Jerusalem, where he saw in the basilica of Mount Zion "the crown of thorns with which Our Lord was crowned and the lance with which He was struck in the side". ["Catholic Encyclopedia", "s.v." "The holy Lance", which confuses the sixth-century pilgrim with Saint Antoninus of Piacenza.] According to the "Catholic Encyclopedia", the presence in Jerusalem of this relic is attested half a century earlier by Cassiodorus [Cassiodorus, "Expositio in Psalterium" ("Explanation of the Psalms") lxxxvi, (printed in Migne, "Patrologia Latina", LXX, 621).] and was known to Gregory of Tours. In 615 Jerusalem was captured for the Persian King Khosrau II; according to the "Chronicon Paschale", the iron point of the lance, which had been broken off, was given in the same year to Nicetas, who took it to Constantinople and deposited it in the church of Hagia Sophia. This lance-point, embedded in an icon, was obtained in 1244 from the Latin emperor at Constantinople, Baldwin II, by Louis IX of France, who enshrined it with his relic of the Crown of Thorns in the Sainte Chapelle, Paris. During the French Revolution these relics were removed to the Bibliothèque Nationale and disappeared. [The later history is reported from the "Catholic Encyclopedia".]

Longinus

The name of the soldier who pierced Christ's side is not given in the Bible, but in the oldest known references to the legend, the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus appended to late manuscripts of the 4th century "Acts of Pilate", the soldier is identified with a centurion and called Logginus or Longinus (making the spear's "correct" Latin name "Lancea Longini").A form of the name Longinus also occurs on a miniature in the Rabula Gospels (conserved in the Laurentian Library, Florence ("illustration"), which was illuminated by one Rabulas in the year 586. In the miniature, the name "LOGINOS" (ΛΟΓΙΝΟC) is written in Greek characters above the head of the soldier who is thrusting his lance into Christ's side. This is one of the earliest records of the name, if the inscription is not a later addition. [The text is Syriac, the lettering Greek.] The novel "The Spear" by Louis de Wohl (1955), further identifies him as Gaius Cassius Longinus. There is a historical figure named Gaius Cassius Longinus, one of the conspirators responsible for the death of Gaius Julius Caesar (died March 15, 44 BC). Another "Longinus" is credited with the authorship of the treatise "On the Sublime". Roman names held little variety, especially among members of the same family.

Various relics claimed to be the Holy Lance

There have been many relics that are claimed to be the Holy Lance, or parts of it.

Vatican lance

[
Adhémar de Monteil carrying one of the instances of the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the First Crusade]

No actual lance is known until the pilgrim St. Antoninus of Piacenza (AD 570), describing the holy places of Jerusalem, says that he saw in the Basilica of Mount Zion "the crown of thorns with which Our Lord was crowned and the lance with which He was struck in the side". A mention of the lance also occurs in the so-called "Breviarius" at the church of the Holy Sepulchre. The presence in Jerusalem of this important relic is attested by Cassiodorus (c. 485 - c. 585) [Ps. lxxxvi, P.L., LXX, 621] as well as by Gregory of Tours (c. 538 – 594), who had not actually been to Jerusalem.

In 615 Jerusalem and its relics were captured by the Persian forces of King Khosrau II (Chosroes II). According to the "Chronicon Paschale", the point of the lance, which had been broken off, was given in the same year to Nicetas, who took it to Constantinople and deposited it in the church of Hagia Sophia. This point of the lance, which was now set in an "ycona", or icon in 1244 was sold by Baldwin II of Constantinople to Louis IX of France, and it was enshrined with the Crown of Thorns in the Sainte Chapelle in Paris. During the French Revolution these relics were removed to the Bibliotheque Nationale but subsequently disappeared. (The present "Crown of Thorns" is a wreath of rushes.)

As for the larger portion of the lance, Arculpus claimed he saw it at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre around 670 in Jerusalem, but there is otherwise no mention of it after the sack in 615. Some claim that the larger relic had been conveyed to Constantinople sometime during the 8th century, possibly at the same time as the Crown of Thorns. At any rate, its presence at Constantinople seems to be clearly attested by various pilgrims, particularly Russians, and, though it was deposited in various churches in succession, it seems possible to trace it and distinguish it from the relic of the point. Sir John Mandeville declared in 1357 that he had seen the blade of the Holy Lance both at Paris "and" at Constantinople, and that the latter was a much larger relic than the former.

Whatever the Constantinople relic was, it fell into the hands of the Turks, and in 1492, under circumstances minutely described in Pastor's "History of the Popes". The Sultan Bayazid II sent it to Innocent VIII to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival Zizim (Cem) prisoner. At this time great doubts as to its authenticity were felt at Rome, as Johann Burchard records, ["Diary" I, 473-486, ed. Thusasne] because of the presence of other rival lances in Paris (the point that had been separated from the lance), Nuremberg (see "Vienna lance" below), and Armenia (see "Etschmiadzin lance" below). In the mid 1700s Benedict XIV states that he obtained from Paris an exact drawing of the point of the lance, and that in comparing it with the larger relic in St. Peter's he was satisfied that the two had originally formed one blade. ["De Beat. et Canon.", IV, ii, 31] This relic has never since left Rome, where it is preserved under the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica, although the Roman Catholic Church makes no claim as to its authenticity.

Echmiadzin lance

The lance currently in Echmiadzin, Armenia, was discovered during the First Crusade. In 1098 the crusader Peter Bartholomew reported that he had a vision in which St. Andrew told him that the Holy Lance was buried in St. Peter's Cathedral in Antioch. After much digging in the cathedral, a lance was discovered. This was considered a miracle by the crusaders who were able to rout the Muslim army besieging the city and decisively capture Antioch. Some medieval scholars (e.g. Raynaldi and the Bollandists) believed that this lance afterwards fell into the hands of the Turks and was in fact the lance that Bayazid II sent to Pope Innocent and is now in the Vatican.Fact|date=January 2008

Vienna lance (Hofburg spear)

The Holy Roman Emperors had a lance of their own, attested from the time of Otto I (912-973). In 1000 Otto III gave Boleslaw I of Poland a replica of the Lance at the Congress of Gniezno. In 1084 Henry IV had a silver band with the inscription "Nail of Our Lord" added to it. This was based on the belief that this was the lance of Constantine the Great which enshrined a nail used for the Crucifixion. In 1273 it was first used in the coronation ceremony. Around 1350 Charles IV had a golden sleeve put over the silver one, inscribed "Lancea et clavus Domini" (Lance and nail of the Lord). In 1424 Sigismund had a collection of relics, including the lance, moved from his capital in Prague to his birth place, Nuremberg, and decreed them to be kept there forever. This collection was called the "Reichskleinodien" or Imperial Regalia.

When the French Revolutionary army approached Nuremberg in the spring of 1796 the city councilors decided to remove the "Reichskleinodien" to Vienna, Austria, for safe keeping. The collection was entrusted to one "Baron von Hügel", who promised to return the objects as soon as peace had been restored and the safety of the collection assuredFact|date=February 2007. However, the Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved in 1806 and von Hügel took advantage of the confusion over who was the rightful owner and sold the entire collection, including the lance, to the HabsburgsFact|date=February 2007. When the city councilors discovered this they asked for the "Reichskleinodien" back but were refused. As part of the imperial regalia it was kept in the Schatzkammer (Imperial treasury) in Vienna and was known as the lance of Saint Maurice.

During the Anschluss, when Austria was annexed to Germany, Adolf Hitler took the lance. It was returned to Austria by American General George S. Patton after World War II and was temporarily stored in the Kunsthistorisches Museum. Currently the Spear is held in the Schatzkammer (Imperial treasury).

Dr. Robert Feather, an English metallurgist and technical engineering writer, tested the lance in January 2003. [This effort was documented in a TV special for BBC/Discovery Channel called "Spear Of Christ", narrated by Cherie Lunghi, written and directed by Shaun Trevisick. Atlantic Productions, aired 31 March 2002. [http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/recentbroadcast.html] .] He was given unprecedented permission not only to examine the lance in a laboratory environment, but was also allowed to remove the delicate bands of gold and silver that hold it together. In the opinion of Feather and other academic experts, the likeliest date of the spearhead is the 7th century A.D. - only slightly earlier than the Museum's own estimate. However, Dr. Feather also stated in the same documentary that an iron pin - long claimed to be a nail from the crucifixion, hammered into the blade and set off by tiny brass crosses - is "consistent" in length and shape with a 1st century A.D. Roman nail.

Other lances

Another lance has been preserved at Krakow, Poland, since at least the 1200s. However, German records indicate that it was a copy of the Vienna lance. Emperor Henry II had it made with a small sliver of the original lance. Another copy was given to the Hungarian king at the same time.

The story told by William of Malmesbury of the giving of the Holy Lance to King Athelstan of England by Hugh Capet seems to be due to a misconception.

Modern legends about the lance

The "Spear of Destiny" is a name given to the Holy Lance in various stories that attribute mystical powers to it. Many of these have originated in recent times and several popular New Age and conspiracy theory books have popularized the legend of the spear.

Trevor Ravenscroft

Trevor Ravenscroft’s 1973 "The Spear of Destiny" [citebook
last = Ravenscroft
first = Trevor
title = The Spear of Destiny
publisher = Weiser Books
date = 1982
id = ISBN 0877285470 ] (as well as a later book "The Mark of the Beast" [citebook
last = Ravenscroft
first = Trevor
coauthors = Tim Wallace-Murphy
title = The Mark of the Beast: The Continuing Story of the Spear of Destiny
publisher = Weiser Books
date = 1997 (reprint)
id = ISBN 0877288704 ] ) claims that Hitler started World War II in order to capture the spear, with which he was obsessed. At the end of the war the spear came into the hands of US General George Patton. According to legend, losing the spear would result in death, and that was fulfilled when Hitler committed suicide.

Ravenscroft repeatedly attempted to define the mysterious “powers” that the legend says the spear serves. He found it to be a hostile and evil spirit, which he sometimes referred to as the Antichrist, though that is open to interpretation. He never actually referred to the spear as spiritually controlled, but rather as intertwined with all of mankind's ambitions.

Despite publishing his findings in a supposed non-fiction book, Ravenscroft successfully sued James Herbert, claiming Herbert's 1978 novel "The Spear" infringed on Ravenscroft's copyright. This case is similar to the Dan Brown and Holy Blood/Holy Grail case. [ [http://slcc.strath.ac.uk/scotslawcourse/ip/ip/copy/raven.html Ravenscroft v Herbert [1980] RPC 193] ] [cite news |author=Mark Rice-Oxley |title=Did 'Da Vinci Code' Break British Copyright Code? |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0306/p01s01-woeu.html?s=widep |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=2006-03-06 |accessdate=2008-02-24 ]

Howard Buechner

Dr. Howard A. Buechner, M.D., professor of medicine at Tulane and then LSU, wrote two books on the spear. [cite book
last = Buechner
first = Howard A
coauthors = Bernhart, Wilhelm
title = Adolf Hitler And The Secrets Of The Holy Lance
publisher = Thunderbird Press
date = 1988 , cite book
last = Buechner
first = Howard A
coauthors = Bernhart, Wilhelm
title = Hitler's Ashes - Seeds Of A New Reich
publisher = Thunderbird Press
date = 1989 ] Buechner was a retired colonel with the U.S. Army who served in World War II and had written a book about the Dachau massacre. He claims he was contacted by a former U-boat submariner, the pseudonymous “Capt. Wilhelm Bernhart,” who claimed the spear currently on display in Vienna is a fake. "Bernhart" said the real spear was sent by Hitler to Antarctica along with other Nazi treasures, under the command of Col. Maximilian Hartmann. In 1979 Hartmann allegedly recovered the treasures. Bernhart presented Buechner with the log from this expedition as well as pictures of the objects recovered, claiming that after the Spear of Destiny was recovered, it was hidden somewhere in Europe by a Nazi secret society. After contacting most of the members of the alleged expedition and others involved, including Hitler Youth Leader Artur Axmann, Buechner became convinced the claims were true.

The Holy Lance in fiction

In the novel The Angel Hunter by J.A. Leary, The Holy Lance of Longinus comes to the heroine Victoria Hunter via none other than Longinus himself.

In the occult thriller novel, C. Wood's [http://www.biblioscribe.com/press/publish/book_press_release/Maranatha.shtml Maranatha] , the story begins with the theft and substitution of the Spear of Destiny from the Vienna Hofburg museum.

In Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur Sir Balin uses the Spear to kill the evil Sir Garlon, the Invisible Knight. But Balin also wounds King Pellas, the Grail King and brother to Sir Garlon. This is referred to as the Dolorous Stroke that lays waste to three kingdoms. The later Grail Quest heals Pellas and restores the wasteland created by the Dolorous Stroke.

In the opera Parsifal by Richard Wagner the Lance of Longinus (or Holy Spear) makes an appearance.

In the late 1970s, writer Steve Englehart introduced the concept of the Spear of Destiny to the pages of DC Comics, and it has been used as a plot device by several other writers since. Perhaps its most important usage was by Roy Thomas, who cited the lance as the mystic artifact in the hands of Adolf Hitler. In the continuity of the DC comic books, he used it to create a magical barrier around all territory held by the Axis Powers in World War II, repelling Allied beings who were either magical in nature, or who were otherwise highly susceptible to magic. This was the official DC explanation (applied retroactively some four decades after the war itself) as to why the likes of Superman and Wonder Woman did not go right to Berlin and Tokyo to end the war within days of Pearl Harbor.

It has appeared many times since then, in the continuity of DC comics. The mental impressions of Hitler have affected the spear, causing those who hold it act evilly.

It is central to the 2005 movie "Constantine", where the angel Gabriel tries to use it to summon the devil's son, Mammon out of the body of a possessed earthly host.

In the second season's opening episode of "Witchblade", The Spear of Destiny gets into possession of Kenneth Irons, who uses it to his own personal evil doings. It is described as being the opposite of the Witchblade, having the same powers but only being able to be wielded by men. It is also implied that the weapon may be stronger than the Witchblade. Gabriel Bowman, the antiques collector, tells Sara Pezzini the mythical history of the Lance of Longinus and that if it is ever dropped defeat is assured. Eventually, Sara confronts Irons in a battle of Witchblade vs. Spear, leading to Irons' ultimate demise as Sara is able to cut Irons hand off, separating him and the spear.

In the movie "Hellboy", the Spear of Longinus is stored in the archives of the Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense and is said to have been previously owned by Adolf Hitler.

In the animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion, a physical object with the name "Spear of Longinus" is mentioned and appears multiple times throughout the story, but unlike the Biblical and historical lance, it is several hundred feet long and composed of two pointed red rods twisted together.

The lance was also featured in the comic book series "Indiana Jones and The Spear of Destiny" which was published by Dark Horse Comics in April 1995.

In the animated series Justice League Unlimited, the Spear of Longinus was the focal point of the episode "I Am Legion" in which Gorilla Grodd sends Lex Luthor, Dr. Polaris and The Key to Black Hawk Island to steal it from an old World War II bunker. Lex believes Grodd intends to use the Spear in some kind of power grab scheme, but it is revealed that Grodd's plans for the spear lie more in the realm of interior decorating.

In the Roar television show (1997), it is the focal point of the seventh episode "The Spear of Destiny", in which prince Conor (played by Heath Ledger) retrieves the spear and uses its power to gather Irish tribes together while Longinus tries to steal the spear to kill himself with it.

In "The Iron Lance", the first book of The Celtic Crusades trilogy by Stephen Lawhead, the Holy Lance is the focal point of the story, set in the First Crusade.

In Ragnarok Online MMORPG, the Spear of Longinus described as the Legendary Spear of Longinus, the soldier of misfortune who murdered the saint.

In the animated movie "", a multitude of spears said be made from parts of the original Spear of Longinus were used by the Thule Society to capture the homunculus Envy in his dragon form.

In , Lara Croft heads to a Russian submarine base to find the Spear of Destiny which is rumoured to lie on a stricken wolf-ship off the coast of Russia.

The game has the player aiming to retrieve the Spear of Destiny from the Nazis.

References

Further reading

* Brown, Arthur Charles Lewis. "Bleeding Lance". Modern Language Association of America, 1910
* Childress, David Hatcher. "Pirates and the Lost Templar Fleet: The Secret Naval War Between the Knights Templar and the Vatican". Adventures Unlimited Press, 2003.
* Crowley, Cornelius Joseph. "The Legend Of The Wanderings Of The Spear Of Longinus". Heartland Book, 1972.
* Hone, William. "The Lost Books of the Bible". Bell Publishing Co., 1979.
* Rutman, Leo. "Spear Of Destiny A Novel". Pinnacle Books, 1989.
* Sheffy, Lester Fields. "Use Of The Holy Lance In The First Crusade". L.F. Sheffy, 1915.

External links

* [http://www.geocities.com/nephilimnot/spear.html History of The Spear of Destiny] A page from a site "Hitler the occult Messiah"
* [http://web.org.uk/picasso/spear.html Hitler and The Spear of Destiny] is a page from a site devoted to the authentication of a previously unknown work by Picasso. This page has an article by Mark Harris on Dr. Stein's revelations about Hitler and the Spear.
* [http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/030616/science.html Piercing An Ancient Tale] Solving the mystery of a Christian relic by Maryann Bird is an article in the European Edition of TIME Magazine on British metallurgist Robert Feather’s scientific examination of the Spear in Vienna.
* [http://www.unmuseum.org/spear.htm The Holy Lance] has a detailed history of the Spear's legend taken from Ravenscroft. Begins with a quote from "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and includes the statement made by Hitler to newspaper reporters of his first viewing of the Holy Lance and how he felt he'd possessed it before in a previous life. Good image of Hitler before the Eiffel Tower and a painting of the Crucifixion showing a centurion and the spear in the foreground.
* [http://www.prophecyinthenews.com/articledetail.asp?Article_ID=74 The Spear that Pierced the Side of Christ] by J. R. Church. Very detailed history of the Spear, with interesting material on Mauritius (St. Maurice), the Merovingians, Napoleon, Kaiser Wilhelm, Archduke Ferdinand, and Hitler.
* [http://sxws.com/charis/relics8.htm The Spear Of Longinus] has a good article on the several different Spears and the many differing legends around Longinus.
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08773a.htm The Holy Lance] is a page from the online Catholic Encyclopedia and was the basis for the other Wikipedia page on this subject.
* [http://www.bibleprobe.com/holy_lance.htm Search for the real Holy Lance] has a long and scholarly treatise on all the reputed Spears of Destiny and their various legends, with several good illustrations including: the Crucifixion, the Holy Lance on display at St Peters in Antioch, and El Greco's painting "The Martyrdom of Maurice and the Theban Legion".
* [http://www.randomreel.com/spear.htm The Spear of Destiny a.k.a. The Holy Lance] a short but concise article by Randy Van Dyke stating the main elements of Ravencroft's version of the legend.