Circle of Tchaikovsky

Russian revolutionary Nikolai Tchaikovsky (1851–1926), after whom the Circle was named.

The Circle of Tchaikovsky, also known as Tchaikovtsy, Chaikovtsy, or the Grand Propaganda Society (Чайковцы, Большое общество пропаганды in Russian) was a Russian literary society for self-education and a revolutionary organization of the Narodniks in the early 1870s.

Background and origin

The intelligentsia of mid-nineteenth century Tsarist Russia were dissatisfied with what they saw as social stagnation of the nation and had begun to demand reform (their attitude was notably characterised by novelist Ivan Turgenev as nihilism).^[1] The peak of this social activism gave rise to a number of secret organisations, among them Land and Liberty, People's Revenge, and the Circle of Tchaikovsky.^[1]

The Circle was founded in St. Petersburg during student unrest in 1868-1869 as a group opposed to the reckless violence of Sergey Nechayev.^[2] It was named after Nikolai Tchaikovsky, one of its prominent members. A literary society for self-education within the Medical Surgical Academy was the heart of the organization, the initial purpose of which was to share books and knowledge that had been banned in the Russian Empire. It included students Mark Natanson, V. M. Aleksandrov, and Anatoly Serdyukov, who were joined by Nikolai Tchaikovsky and Feofan Lermontov. Besides self-education, the circle's main tasks were to unite students of Petersburg and other cities, and conduct propaganda among workers and peasants with the purpose of fomenting a social revolution. The Tchaikovtsy set higher moral standards for their members in the face of Nechayev's unscrupulousness.^[3] They had a negative attitude towards struggle for political freedoms, which, in their view, were only advantageous to the arising Russian bourgeoisie. These principles were formulated in the Программа для кружков самообразования и практической деятельности (Program for the circles of self-education and practical activity), put together by the Tchaikovtsy in late 1870 – early 1871.

Activities

One of the first tasks of the Tchaikovtsy was to organize the printing, publishing, and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature with the help of publishers Nikolai Polyakov, Kozma Soldatyonkov, and others. These literary works included the first volume of Das Kapital by Karl Marx, and books by others including Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Dobrolyubov, Alexander Herzen, Pyotr Lavrov, Vasili Bervi, Ferdinand Lassalle, Charles Darwin, and John Stuart Mill. In the summer of 1871, the circle of Natanson merged with a female self-education circle of Alexandra Kornilova and Sophia Perovskaya. Soon, they were joined by Sergei Kravchinsky, Dmitry Klements, Sergei Sinegub, Nikolai Charushin, Leonid Shishko, and others. The central Petersburg circle comprised around 60 people. Circles in Moscow (Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, Lev Tikhomirov, Mikhail Frolenko), Odessa (Felix Volkhovsky, Andrei Zhelyabov), Kiev (Yakov Stefanovich, Pavel Axelrod) and other cities sided with the Petersburg cell on a federal basis. Altogether, the Tchaikovtsy numbered around 100 participants.

In 1872, the Tchaikovtsy began organizing circles of workers with the purpose of training propagandists for work in the countryside. These activities were most successful in Petersburg and Odessa, where the circles comprised around 400 workers. Some of these workers—including Viktor Obnorsky and Feodor Kravchenko—would later become the founders of the first proletarian organizations such as the Worker's Union of Southern Russia (Южнороссийский союз рабочих) and Northern Union of the Russian Workers (Северный союз русских рабочих). The results of this propaganda work were summarized in a report by Peter Kropotkin, which would be discussed in the Petersburg circle of the Tchaikovtsy in late 1873.

The final stage of activities of the Tchaikovtsy included the Call to the People campaign.

Similar articles

• Nihilist movement
• Samizdat

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} Hodge 2008, p. 516
2. ^ Mavor 1914, p. 75
3. ^ Beran 2007, p. 328

Bibliography

• Avrich, Paul (2006). The Russian Anarchists. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 1904859488. 
• Beran, Michael (2007). Forge of Empires, 1861-1871. New York: Free Press. ISBN 074327069X. 
• Berlin, Isaiah (2008). Russian Thinkers. Penguin Classics. ISBN 9780141442204. 
• Hodge, Carl (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313334048. 
• Mavor, James (1914). An Economic History of Russia. London: J.M. Dent & Sons. OCLC 1616923.