Clara Clemens

Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud
Clara Clemens, ca. 1908.
Background information
Birth name	Clara Langhorne Clemens
Born	June 8, 1874(1874-06-08)
Died	November 19, 1962(1962-11-19) (aged 88)
Genres	Concert singer
Instruments	Piano
Years active	1906–1908
Associated acts	Marie Nichols and Charles Edmund "Will" Wark

Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud,^[1] formerly Clara Langhorne Clemens Gabrilowitsch (June 8, 1874 – November 19, 1962^[1]), was the daughter of Samuel Clemens, who wrote as Mark Twain. She was a contralto concert singer^[2] and, as her father's only surviving daughter, managed his estate and guarded his legacy after his death.

She was married twice. First to Ossip Gabrilowitsch, and then after his death, she remarried to Jacques Samossoud. She wrote biographies of Gabrilowitsch and of her father. In her later life she became a Christian Scientist.

Childhood

Clara was the second of three daughters born to Samuel Clemens and his wife Olivia Langdon Clemens. She was born and grew up in Elmira, New York.^[3][4] Her older sister was Susy, who died when Clara was only 22. Her only brother, Langdon, died as an infant before she was born. Her younger sister was Jean. Clara had a serious accident as a child. She was riding a toboggan which ended up being hurled into a great oak tree. She was the only one hurt, although her leg injury was severe. The next day it was thought she might have to have her leg amputated, although this was avoided.^[5]

Early career

Twain with his daughter Clara.^[2]

She spent the period from September 1897 to May 1899 living in Vienna with her parents.^[6][7] While there, notice was taken of her cultivating her voice for the purpose of going on the concert stage. Her voice was characterized as unusually sweet and attractive.^[8] She also studied piano in 1899 under Teodor Leszetycki.^[9] In December 1900, she was invited by the people of Hartford, her home town, to perform in February 1901 at a grand concert to be given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in the hopes that she would begin her singing career where she grew up.^[3] On May 10, 1905 she underwent a successful operation for appendicitis by Dr. Hartley in New York City.^[10] She studied for several years under masters in Europe, before making her professional debut in Florence.^[11] She made her American debut as a contralto concert singer on the evening of September 22, 1906 at the Norfolk Gymnasium^[12] in Norfolk, Connecticut where in 1905 she rented Edgewood,^[13] a summer cottage.^[11] She was assisted in Norfolk by young Boston violinist Marie Nichols.^[11] She used the proceeds from the concert to purchase a memorial window for her mother in the Norfolk Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal.^[14] Clemens' piano accompanist was Charles Edmund "Will" Wark, a classical pianist originally from Cobourg, Ontario, Canada. Wark was Clara Clemens' accompanist^[2] from the winter of 1906 to late in 1908.^[15] Clemens and Nichols continued to perform together including a series of concerts in London and Paris in 1908.^[16] On May 30, Clemens debuted in London at a benefit concert for to aid American girls to attend Oxford and Cambridge Universities.^[2][17]

Accident and marriage

At 10:00am on December 20, 1908 in Danbury, Clemens went for a sleigh ride with Russian concert pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch who was staying with her father at his residence, Innocence at Home,^[18] in Redding. While passing through Redding Glen, the horse took fright at a wind-whipped newspaper and bolted with driver Gabrilowitsch losing control. At the top of a hill, next to a 60-foot (18 m) drop, the sleigh overturned, throwing Clemens out. Gabrilowitsch leaped to the ground and caught the horse by the head, stopping it as it was about to plunge over the bank, dragging Clemens with her dress caught in a runner. Having only sprained his right ankle, Gabrilowitsch returned Clemens to home, unharmed except for the shock of the accident.^[18] Twain biographer Michael Shelden doubted the truth of this heroic tale and supplied a motive for why the story might have been planted in the press, namely, to quiet rumors that Clara was having an affair with her former accompanist, a married man.^[19]

Snapshot taken at the marriage of Clara Clemens and Ossip Gabrilowitsch (from left to right: Samuel Clemens, Jervis Langdon, Jean Clemens, Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Clara Clemens, Rev. Dr. Joseph Twichell)

Clemens had been introduced to Gabrilowitsch in 1899 in Vienna by Theodor Leschetizky who was also training Gabrilowitsch.^[9] At noon on October 6, 1909, she subsequently married Gabrilowitsch in the drawing room at Stormfield, the Clemens home with Rev. Dr. Joseph H. Twitchell presiding.^[20][21] (Twitchell was a great friend of her father.^[5]) Her father said that the engagement was not new, having been "made and dissolved twice six years ago."^[21] He also said that the marriage was sudden because Gabrilowitsch had just recovered from a surgical operation he had undergone in the summer and they were about to head off to their new house in Berlin where he would begin his European season.^[21] Her sister, Jean Clemens, drowned in the bathtub on December 24, 1909 after having an epileptic seizure.^[22] On April 21, 1910, her father died and left his entire estate to her in a will dated August 17, 1909 which provided for quarterly payments of interest to keep it "free from any control or interference from any husband she may have."^[23] On July 9, she announced that she was giving practically the entire library of her father, comprising nearly 2,500 books, to the Mark Twain Free Library.^[24] On August 19, her only child, Nina, was born in Connecticut at Stormfield.^[25] Nina, the last known lineal descendant of Mark Twain, died January 19, 1966 in a Los Angeles hotel. She had been a heavy drinker, and bottles of pills and alcohol were found in her room.^[26]

Later life

Clara Clemens with her husband Ossip Gabrilowitsch

On April 23, 1926, she played the title role in a dramatization of Joan of Arc written by her father at Walter Hampden's theater.^[1][27][28] This adaptation and her performance were not very well received by critics.^[27] It was again produced in 1927, opening on April 12 and for a series of special morning and afternoon performances at the Edyth Totten Theatre.^[29][30]

Gabrilowitsch was conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra from 1918 until 1935, when he fell ill. He entered the Henry Ford Hospital on March 25, 1935, where he stayed until September 28, 1935, at which point he was released to his home to convalesce.^[9][31] He subsequently died at his home on September 14, 1936, aged 58.^[9]

On May 11, 1944, Clara and Jacques Samossoud, a Russian born symphony conductor 20 years her junior, were married in her Hollywood home.^[9] She died at age eighty-eight in San Diego, California.^[1]

Clara explored eastern religions for a few years, and then eventually became a Christian Scientist, although there is some question as to her seriousness and commitment to it. She authored a book on the subject: Awake to a Perfect Day, published by Citadel Press, NYC, 1956^[32][33] After originally objecting to the release of her father's Letters from the Earth in 1939, she changed her stance shortly before her death in 1962 and allowed them to be published.^[33] She also published biographies of both her father (My Father, Mark Twain in 1931) and of her first husband (My Husband: Gabrilowitsch in 1938).^[1]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Mrs. Jacques Samossoud Dies; Mark Twain's Last Living Child", The New York Times (San Diego: UPI): 30, November 21, 1962, ISSN 1506464, http://www.twainquotes.com/19621121.html, retrieved 2008-04-23 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Twain's Daughter Talks about Him", The New York Times (London): C3, 1908, June 14, 1908, ISSN 1592111, http://www.twainquotes.com/19080614.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Heard About Town", The New York Times: 4, December 25, 1900, ISSN 1597235, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE6D8133EE333A25756C2A9649D946197D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
4. ^ Youngblood, Wayne (2006), Mark Twain Along the Mississippi, Gareth Stevens, p. 60, ISBN 0836864352, http://books.google.com/?id=i2LiFNs_ZVUC&pg=PA60 
5. ^ ^{a b} Clemens, Clara (1931), "The Father of Three Little Girls", My Father Mark Twain, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, pp. 5, 14 
6. ^ "What is Doing in Society", The New York Times: 7, December 13, 1898, ISSN 1579579 
7. ^ "Twain's Farewell to Vienna", The New York Times (Vienna): 19, May 30, 1899, June 11, 1899, ISSN 1667147, http://www.twainquotes.com/18990611.html, retrieved 2008-04-23 
8. ^ "Some Women", The New York Times: 20, February 26, 1899, ISSN 1667079 
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Gabrilowitsch, 58, Dead in Detroit", The New York Times (Detroit): 29, September 15, 1936, ISSN 1515456, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071FFB345B1B7B93C7A81782D85F428385F9, retrieved 2008-04-22 
10. ^ "Operate on Miss Clemens", The New York Times: 1, May 11, 1905, ISSN 1574982, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E3D9123BE733A25752C1A9639C946497D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
11. ^ ^{a b c} "Mark Twain's Daughter to Sing", The New York Times: 9, September 19, 1906, ISSN 1575023, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9505E1DC133BE733A2575AC1A96F9C946797D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
12. ^ "Miss Clemens in Concert", The New York Times (Winsted, Conn.): 9, September 23, 1906, ISSN 1577791, http://www.twainquotes.com/19060923.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
13. ^ "Mark Twain Ill of Gout", The New York Times (Winsted, Conn.): 7, August 20, 1905, ISSN 1578827, http://www.twainquotes.com/19050820.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
14. ^ "Window to Mrs. Clemens", The New York Times: 1, June 22, 1907, ISSN 1602649, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802EFDA133EE033A25751C2A9609C946697D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
15. ^ "Bissell Theatre Party; Mrs. Sanford Bissell Entertains for Her Debutante Daughter, Miss Doris", The New York Times: 7, February 7, 1908, ISSN 1592416, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9405E3D91F3EE233A25754C0A9649C946997D6CF, retrieved 2009-09-20 
16. ^ "Miss. Clemens Sails to Sing in Europe", The New York Times: 9, May 17, 1908, ISSN 1592081, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E03E2DA143EE233A25754C1A9639C946997D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
17. ^ "To Help American Girls", The New York Times (London): C3, May 30, 1908, May 31, 1908, ISSN 1592450, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E2DB1631E233A25752C3A9639C946997D6CF, retrieved 2008-04-21 
18. ^ ^{a b} "Saves Miss. Clara Clemens", The New York Times (Danbury, Conn.): 1, December 21, 1908, ISSN 1593588, http://www.twainquotes.com/19081221.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
19. ^ Shelden, M.: Mark Twain: Man in White. Random House, 2010
20. ^ "Mark Twain's Daughter Here", The New York Times: 2, April 17, 1910, ISSN 1579165, http://www.twainquotes.com/19100417.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
21. ^ ^{a b c} "Miss. Clemens Weds Mr. Gabrilowitsch", The New York Times (West Redding, Conn.): 9, October 7, 1909, ISSN 1577518, http://www.twainquotes.com/19091007.html, retrieved 2008-04-23 
22. ^ "Miss. Jean Clemens Found Dead in Bath", The New York Times (Redding, Conn.): 1, December 25, 1909, ISSN 1577550, http://www.twainquotes.com/19091225.html, retrieved 2008-04-21 
23. ^ "Mark Twain's Will Filed", The New York Times (Redding, Conn.): 1, May 4, 1910, ISSN 1593905, http://www.twainquotes.com/19100504.html, retrieved 2008-04-22 
24. ^ "Twain Books for Library", The New York Times (Redding, Conn.): 1, July 10, 1910, ISSN 1593927, http://www.twainquotes.com/19100710.html, retrieved 2008-04-22 
25. ^ "Daughter Born to Mrs. Gabrilowitsch", The New York Times (Redding, Conn.): 7, August 20, 1910, ISSN 1593944, http://www.twainquotes.com/19100820.html, retrieved 2008-04-22 
26. ^ Mark Twain Online
27. ^ ^{a b} Atkinson, J. Brooks (April 24, 1926), "The Play", The New York Times: 21, ISSN 1577211, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30716FF355B12738DDDAD0A94DC405B868EF1D3, retrieved 2008-04-23 
28. ^ "Clara Clemens in Role", The New York Times: 18, April 12, 1926, ISSN 1569307, http://www.twainquotes.com/19260412.html, retrieved 2008-04-23 
29. ^ "Theatrical Notes", The New York Times: 25, March 25, 1927, ISSN 1589514, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EF93B5D17738DDDAC0A94DB405B878EF1D3, retrieved 2008-04-23 
30. ^ "Clara Clemens in "Joan of Arc."", The New York Times: 26, April 15, 1927, ISSN 1589527, http://www.twainquotes.com/19270415.html, retrieved 2008-04-23 
31. ^ "Gabrilowitsch on Mend", The New York Times (Detroit): N8, September 29, 1935, ISSN 1539135, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30910FE3C5A107A93CBAB1782D85F418385F9, retrieved 2008-04-22 
32. ^ Gottschalk, Stephen (2005), Rolling Away the Stone: Mary Baker Eddy's Challenge to Materialism, Indiana University Press, p. 86, ISBN 0253346738, http://books.google.com/?id=N9dRtPR5uwYC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86 
33. ^ ^{a b} Gelb, Arthur (August 24, 1962), "Anti-Religious Work by Twain, Long Withheld, to Be Published", The New York Times: 23, ISSN 1523315, http://www.twainquotes.com/19620824.html, retrieved 2008-04-22 

References

• Ward, Geoffrey C.; Duncan Dayton and Ken Burns (2001), Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-40561-5 

External links

• Mark Twain in His Times by Stephen Railton

Persondata
Name	Clemens, Clara
Alternative names	Samoussoud, Clara Langhorne Clemens; Gabrilowitsch, Clara Langhorne Clemens
Short description	Second daughter of Mark Twain; opera singer
Date of birth	June 8, 1874
Place of birth	Elmira, New York
Date of death	November 19, 1962
Place of death	San Diego, California