Birrarung Marr, Melbourne

MelbourneParks
park= Birrarung Marr


image size=
caption= Pedestrian bridge in Birrarung Marr
type=
location= Melbourne, Australia
coordinates=
size= 8 hectares (20 acres)
opened= 2002
operator= City of Melbourne
visitors=
status=
landscape= Floodplain with built-up terraces
vegetation= Contemporary formal gardening featuring Australian native plants
water= Yarra River
paths= Pedestrian and bicycle access throughout
facilities= Toilets, barbecues, playground
landmarks= Speaker's Corner,
William Barak Bridge,
ArtPlay,
Federation Bells,
"Angel" sculpture
transport= Trains:
Flinders Street Station
Trams:
3, 5, 6, 8, 48, 64, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76
Buses:
[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/timetables/timetable_options.php?type=bus&id=MTB340 340] and [http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/timetables/timetable_options.php?type=bus&id=MTB479 479]

Birrarung Marr is a new inner-city park between the central business district in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and the Yarra River. It was opened in 2002. The name means 'river of mists' and 'river bank' in the Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people, the original Indigenous inhabitants of the Melbourne area.

Location

The 8 hectare (20 acre) park lies immediately to the south-east of the central business district, between Flinders Street and the north bank of the Yarra River, east of Flinders Street Station, and west of Exhibition Street, Batman Avenue and the Rod Laver Arena (the National Tennis Centre).

History

In 1856 the colonial government indicated that the marshy site of Birrarung Marr was intended for park or ornamental purposes. However, several institutions including a morgue had already been established there, more still were developed, and facilities including the old State Swimming Centre remained until the late 20th century. The first rail line crossed the area in 1859 and railways eventually occupied most of the parkland between Melbourne's central business district (CBD) and the Yarra River. At the 19th century’s end, these impacts were outstripped by reconstruction of the Yarra River itself, which was straightened, widened and deepened, with tree-lined avenues formed along the built-up banks.

In 1992 the new Victorian Government under Premier Jeff Kennett initiated a development program focused on central Melbourne. For the centrepiece of this program, the State and City of Melbourne jointly sponsored an architectural design competition for Federation Square. The creation of Birrarung Marr resulted from the reorganisation of infrastructure and land uses near Federation Square, including clearance of the Jolimont railyards, and diversion of Batman Avenue away from the river bank to connect to Exhibition Street. These works enabled reclamation of land from the former rail yards and roadway to create Melbourne’s first significant new inner city park in one hundred years. Construction of Birrarung Marr began in 2000. The project was a joint venture by the City of Melbourne, which provided AUD $15.6 million to design and build the park, and the State Government of Victoria, which funded the railway rationalisation and clearance of the site. The park was formally opened to the public on Australia Day, January 26 2002.

The park design

The initial schemes for Birrarung Marr proposed a ‘festival park’, a largely commercial venue supporting the State’s use of sporting and cultural events such as the Australian Grand Prix to position Melbourne in the international marketplace. However, the City emphasised a broader role as social venue supporting individual and community activities as well as major events. From either viewpoint, Birrarung Marr was envisaged as an active, urban space, more like beachside promenades than the older public gardens in other parts of Melbourne, such as the Fitzroy Gardens. The intent was to provide a robust setting for events such as Circus Oz and the Moomba Waterfest, changing sculpture exhibitions, and community festivals while providing an attractive setting for passive recreation at other times. The park also provides walking and cycle access between the city centre and the sporting precinct to the south-east, and forms a link in the Capital City Trail, which provides continuous bike access along the Yarra River.

Birrarung Marr was therefore designed as a series of level open terraces. The lower terrace, next to the river, has a gravel surface. The middle terrace is on the east side of the park, adjacent to Batman Avenue, and has a grassed surface. The upper grassed terrace on the north side of the park is at the same level as Flinders Street, about 10 metres above the river bank. (The upper terrace was intended to link to the top deck of the Federation Square carpark, which was ultimately not built to the agreed brief although its extension is now being considered.) The massive terraces were formed on the level railyard site using spoil generated by works on the adjoining rail lines, Federation Square, and construction of the nearby Vodafone Arena. Basalt boulders from these excavations were also re-used in the park to form retaining walls.

The layout of the park emphasises lines of sight to various Melbourne landmarks such as the spires of the Victorian Arts Centre and St Paul's Cathedral and the Rialto office tower. The shaping of the terraces and the drainage channels between them lined with River Red Gums evoke the billabongs once found on the site, and the linear paths and bridge structures also suggest the railways that dominated the site through much of Melbourne's history. The park's open spaces are largely shielded from nearby traffic, and the park is remarkably quiet and peaceful given its proximity to major roads and railways.

The concept plan for Birrarung Marr was prepared by the City of Melbourne, with in-house landscape architects Ronald Jones and Helena Piha as principal designers. Consultants engaged to undertake the detailed design and documentation include Taylor Cullity Lethlean (landscape architects), Paul Thompson (planting design) and Swaney Draper (architects for the footbridge within the park and the Federation Bells). The design has received various awards including the Royal Australian Institute of Architects' Walter Burley Griffin Award for Urban Design in 2004, the Planning Institute of Australia's Australia Award for Urban Design in 2003, and the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (Victoria) Awards for Excellence in Planning and Excellence in Design in 2003.

Features and facilities

A long ramping footbridge within the park, designed by architects Swaney Draper, links the three terrace levels and provides disabled access.

Speaker's Corner, in the south-eastern corner of Birrarung Marr, was a remnant of Yarra Park between the Jolimont Rail Yards and Yarra River that was used as a location for public lectures, protests and demonstrations. For example, in 1916, an estimated 50,000 people came to protest against conscription. These activities had been moved to the north bank of the Yarra River after construction of the Queen Victoria Monument at their earlier venue on the south bank. The site was one of the few public spaces in Melbourne where large public assemblies and speeches were allowed without a prior permit. The mounds that speakers used to stand on to address these crowds can still be seen in this corner of Birrarung Marr.

There are barbecue facilities, as well as public toilets near Speakers Corner. The Yarra River Trail traverses the park on its south side.

One of the railway buildings remaining from the Jolimont railyards was converted into a children's art centre and cultural centre, called ArtPlay. ArtPlay opened in 2004 and runs a range of workshops where children and families can undertake creative arts workshops alongside artists of all disciplines. ArtPlay is open to the public on weekends and during school holidays and works with schools during weekdays. In 2006 ArtPlay worked with over 20,000 children, offering nearly 300 different workshops, performances and events. A children's playground has been developed next to this building and a series of creative arts workshops often extend into this space from ArtPlay. The City of Melbourne is currently developing a similar arts program in the heart of the city for teenagers.

The Federation Bells on the middle terrace, commissioned in 2001, are a collection of inverted temple-style bells of various sizes mounted on steel poles. The result is not unlike a collection of church bells, however they are spread through an open space rather than being confined to a tower, allowing people to walk between them. There are thirty-nine bells in total, with a combined weight of 1.2 tonnes. Tuned in the just intonation method, the bells are controlled by computer, and play seven different compositions, each lasting for five minutes. This sound sculpture plays three times a day. The bells were designed by Neil McLachlan, and their arrangement and supporting structure was designed by Ronald Jones and architects Swaney Draper.

The ten metre high, three-legged "Angel" was installed along the river bank in 2006. The sculpture was commissioned from Melbourne mosaic artist Deborah Halpern for installation in the ‘moat’ in front of the National Gallery of Victoria in 1985, but off-loaded by the Gallery when major renovations were undertaken in 1999.

The William Barak Bridge was officially opened in December 2005 for the Commonwealth Games in March 2006. This provides pedestrian access between the middle terrace of Birrarung Marr over the CityLink tollroad and railways to the vicinity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Horticulture

In addition to the mature elms along the river bank and at Speakers Corner, about 200 new trees were planted in the park during the its construction. The new plantings focus on Australian species including a mass planting of "Macrozamia communis" (cycads) on the embankment overlooking Speakers Corner. Also in this area are several "Doryanthes excelsa" (Gymea Lilies) and "Lepidozamia peroffskyana" (Pineapple Zamia, another cycad). Hundreds of smaller Australian native plants are also present although construction of the William Barak Bridge, which was not part of the original design for the park, destroyed one of the major display plantings on the north-facing embankment of the middle terrace.

Additional tree planting for shade and shelter was envisaged for the level areas of the upper and middle terraces, but has not yet been implemented.

Note

While the name comes from the language used by the original inhabitants, it is unclear whether the name was invented recently, or an actual placename used by the original inhabitants. The name was applied to the park after the design was adopted.

References

City of Melbourne, "New riverside park design brief", May 1998 (unpublished).

City of Melbourne, "Melbourne’s new riverside park draft concept plan", August 1998 (unpublished).

Georgina Whitehead, "History notes for new riverside park area", prepared for the City of Melbourne, 1998 (unpublished).

Georgina Whitehead, "Civilising the City: A History of Melbourne’s Public Gardens". State Library of Victoria, 1997.

External links

* [http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pa=1273&pg=1281 City of Melbourne] general information on Birrarung Marr
* [http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/Parks/Maps/BirraRungMarr_1.pdf City of Melbourne] Map of Birrarung Marr (pdf, 193 kilobytes)
* [http://www.aila.org.au/victoria/awards2003/projects/birrarungconcept.htm Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (Victoria)] jury comments and photo gallery – planning award
* [http://www.aila.org.au/victoria/awards2003/projects/birrarungmarr.htm Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (Victoria)] jury comments and photo gallery – design award
* [http://www.federationbells.com.au/ Federation Bells] Compose music for the Federation Bells and find information on the bells and playing times
* [http://www.ausbell.com/Federation%20Bells/FEDBELLS.html Australian Bell Pty Ltd] more information on Federation Bells