Ceratophyllum demersum

Ceratophyllum demersum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
Order:	Ceratophyllales
Family:	Ceratophyllaceae
Genus:	Ceratophyllum
Species:	C. demersum
Binomial name
Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort, rigid hornwort, coontail, or coon's tail^[1]) is a species of Ceratophyllum. It is a submerged, free-floating aquatic plant, native to North America but nowadays having a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical regions.^[1] It is also a popular aquarium plant.

Description

Ceratophyllum dersum grows in still or very slow-moving water. The stems reach lengths of 1–3 m, with numerous side shoots making a single specimen appear as a large, bushy mass. The leaves are produced in whorls of six to twelve, each leaf 8–40 mm long, simple, or forked into two to eight thread-like segments edged with spiny teeth; they are stiff and brittle. It is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers produced on the same plant. The flowers are small, 2 mm long, with eight or more greenish-brown petals; they are produced in the leaf axils. The fruit is a small nut 4–5 mm long, usually with three spines, two basal and one apical, 1–12 mm long. Plants with the two basal nut spines very short are sometimes distinguished as Ceratophyllum demersum var. apiculatum (Cham.) Asch., and those with no basal spines sometimes distinguished as Ceratophyllum demersum var. inerme Gay ex Radcl.-Sm.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} It can form turions: buds that sink to the bottom of the water that stay there during the winter and form new plants in spring.

Distribution and habitat

Ceratophyllum demersum grows in lakes, ponds, and quiet streams with summer water temperatures of 15-30 °C^{[citation needed]} and a rich nutrient status. It can survive It is native in North America, but it has spread worldwide as a result of its use as an aquarium and pond plant.^[1] In North America, it occurs in the entire US and Canada, except Newfoundland.^[7] In Europe, it has been reported as far north as at a latitude of 66 degrees in Norway^[8]. Other reported occurences include China, Siberia (at 66 degrees North), Burkina Faso (Africa), Vietnam, and New Zealand.^[9]

Ecology

C. demersum has allelopathic qualities as it excretes substances that inhibit the growth of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).^[10][1] Its dense growth can outcompete native underwater vegetation, leading to loss of biodiversity. In New Zealand, it has caused problems with hydroelectric power plants.^[1]

Cultivation and uses

This species is often used as a floating freshwater plant in both coldwater and tropical aquaria, though without roots, it may attach itself to the substrate or objects in the aquarium. Its fluffy, filamentous, bright-green green leaves provide excellent cover for newly-hatched fish. It is propagated by cuttings.^[11]

In aquaria this plant appears to drop all its leaves when exposed to products designed to kill snails. The stems can recover relatively quickly, growing new leaves within a few weeks.

Hornwort is a prohibited plant in Tasmania, Australia.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ceratophyllum Demersum on the Global Invasive Species database (2006).
2. ^ Flora of China: Ceratophyllum demersum
3. ^ Flora of North America: Ceratophyllum demersum
4. ^ Flora of NW Europe: Ceratophyllum demersum
5. ^ Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
6. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
7. ^ USDA PLANTS database on C. demersum as of 2011.
8. ^ ISSG database, reports in Norway (based on Mjelde, 1997)
9. ^ ISSG: distribution of C. demersum
10. ^ http://www.thekrib.com/Plants/Algae/cyanobacteria.html#4
11. ^ Hiscock, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants. Interpret Publishing, United States and Canada ISBN 0-7641-5521-0.