Church Committee

The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. A precursor to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the committee investigated intelligence gathering for illegality by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) after certain activities had been revealed by the Watergate affair.

Background

By the early years of the 1970s, the unpopularity of the Vietnam War and the unfolding Watergate scandal brought the era of minimal oversight to an abrupt halt. The US Congress was determined to rein in the Nixon administration and to ascertain the extent to which the nation's intelligence agencies had been involved in questionable, if not outright illegal, activities.

A series of troubling revelations started to appear in the press concerning intelligence activities. First came the revelations of Christopher Pyle in January 1970 of the U.S. Army's spying on the civilian population^[1][2] and Sam Ervin's Senate investigations that resulted.^[3] The dam broke on 22 December 1974, when The New York Times published a lengthy article by Seymour Hersh detailing operations engaged in by the Central Intelligence Agency over the years that had been dubbed the "family jewels". Covert action programs involving assassination attempts against foreign leaders and covert attempts to subvert foreign governments were reported for the first time. In addition, the article discussed efforts by intelligence agencies to collect information on the political activities of US citizens.^[4]

These revelations convinced many Senators and Representatives that the Congress itself had been too lax, trusting, and naive in carrying out its oversight responsibilities.

Overview

In 1975 and 1976, the Church Committee published fourteen reports on the formation of U.S. intelligence agencies, their operations, and the alleged abuses of law and of power that they had committed, together with recommendations for reform, some of which were put in place.

Among the matters investigated were attempts to assassinate foreign leaders, including Patrice Lumumba of the Congo, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, the Diem brothers of Vietnam, Gen. René Schneider of Chile and President John F. Kennedy's plan to use the Mafia to kill Fidel Castro of Cuba.

Under recommendations and pressure by this committee, President Gerald Ford issued Executive Order 11905 (ultimately replaced in 1981 by President Reagan's Executive Order 12333) to ban U.S. sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.

Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review of intelligence activities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but more than 50,000 pages have since been declassified under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992.

Committee members

Majority (Democratic)	Minority (Republican)
Frank F. Church, Chairman, Idaho Philip A. Hart, Michigan Walter F. Mondale, Minnesota Walter D. Huddleston, Kentucky Robert B. Morgan, North Carolina Gary W. Hart, Colorado	John G. Tower, Vice Chairman, Texas Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee Barry M. Goldwater, Arizona Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland Richard S. Schweiker, Pennsylvania

Opening mail

The Church Committee learned that beginning in the 1950s, the CIA and Federal Bureau of Investigation intercepted, opened and photographed more than 215,000 pieces of mail by the time the program called "HTLINGUAL" was shut down in 1973. This program was all done under the "mail covers" program. A mail cover is when the government records without a warrant or notification all information on the outside of an envelope or package, including the name of the sender and the recipient. The Church report found that the CIA was zealous about keeping the US Postal Service from learning that mail was being opened by government agents. CIA agents moved mail to a private room to open the mail or in some cases opened envelopes at night after stuffing them in briefcases or coat pockets to deceive postal officials.^[5]

The Ford administration and the Church Committee

On May 9th the Church Committee decided to call acting CIA director William Colby. That same day Ford's top advisers (Henry Kissinger, Donald Rumsfeld, Philip W. Buchen, and John Marsh) drafted a recommendation that Colby be authorized to brief only rather than testify, and that he would be told to discuss only the general subject, with details of specific covert actions to be avoided except for realistic hypotheticals. But the Church Committee had full authority to call a hearing and require Colby's testimony. Ford and his top advisers met with Colby to prepare him for the hearing.^[6] Colby testified, "These last two months have placed American intelligence in danger. The almost hysterical excitement surrounding any news story mentioning CIA or referring even to a perfectly legitimate activity of CIA has raised a question whether secret intelligence operations can be conducted by the United States."^[7]

The Ford administration, particularly Rumsfeld, was concerned about the effort by members of the Church Committee in the Senate and the Pike Committee in the House to curtail the power of U.S. intelligence agencies. Frontline quoted U.S. diplomat and Nixon assistant Robert Ellsworth, who stated: "They were very specific about their effort to destroy American intelligence [capabilities]. It was Senator Church who said our intelligence agencies were 'rogue elephants.' They were supposedly out there assassinating people and playing dirty tricks and so forth... Well, that just wasn't true." Rumsfeld and Ellsworth prevented the committees from dismantling the CIA and other intelligence organizations.^[8]

Results of the investigation

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) were inspired by the recommendations of the Church Committee.^[9] Today, the FISC oversees requests for surveillance warrants of suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States by federal police agencies. Also as a result, Colby was replaced by George H.W. Bush as CIA director.

Aftermath

Early on, critics such as Bing Crosby and Paul Harvey accused the committee of treasonous activity. The 1975 assassination of Richard Welch, a CIA station chief in Greece, intensified the public backlash against its mission.^[10] The Committee's work has more recently been criticized after the September 11th attacks, for leading to legislation reducing the ability of the CIA to gather human intelligence.^{[11][12][13][14]} In response to such criticism, the chief counsel of the committee, Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr., retorted with a book co-authored by Aziz Z. Huq, denouncing the Bush administration's use of 9/11 to make "monarchist claims" that are "unprecedented on this side of the North Atlantic".^[15]

In September 2006, the University of Kentucky hosted a forum called "Who's Watching the Spies? Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans," bringing together two Democratic committee members, former Vice President of the United States Walter F. Mondale and former U.S. Senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston of Kentucky, and Schwarz to discuss the committee's work, its historical impact, and how it pertains to today's society.^[16]

Sections of the Church Committee report

Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Index Only, in text form) (364 pages)

Volume 1: Unauthorized Storage of Toxic Agents (249 pages)

Volume 2: Huston Plan (409 pages)

Volume 3: Internal Revenue Service (128 pages)

Volume 4: Mail Opening (264 pages)

Volume 5: The National Security Agency and Fourth Amendment Rights (169 pages)

Volume 6: Federal Bureau of Investigation (1010 pages)

Volume 7: Covert Action (234 pages)

Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence (659 pages)

Book II: Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (412 pages)

Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (989 pages)

Book IV: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence (181 pages)

Book V: The Investigation of the Assassination of President J.F.K.: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies (112 pages)

Book VI: Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities (384 pages)

Books II and III "Church Committee" report

Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. United States Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, April 26 (legislative day, April 14), 1976. [AKA "Church Committee Report"]. Archived on COINTELPRO sources website. Transcription and HTML by Paul Wolf. Retrieved April 19, 2005.

• Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book II

I. Introduction and Summary

II. The Growth of Domestic Intelligence: 1936 to 1976

III. Findings

(A) Violating and Ignoring the Law

(B) Overbreadth of Domestic Intelligence Activity

(C) Excessive Use of Intrusive Techniques

(D) Using Covert Action to Disrupt and Discredit Domestic Groups

(E) Political Abuse of Intelligence Information

(F) Inadequate Controls on Dissemination and Retention

(G) Deficiencies in Control and Accountability

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

• Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports, Book III

• • COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action Programs Against American Citizens
  • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Case Study
  • The FBI's Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party
  • The Use of Informants in FBI Intelligence Investigations
  • Warrantless FBI Electronic Surveillance
  • Warrantless Surreptitious Entries: FBI "Black Bag" Break-ins And Microphone Installations
  • The Development of FBI Domestic Intelligence Investigations
  • Domestic CIA and FBI Mail Opening
  • CIA Intelligence Collection About Americans: CHAOS Program And The Office of Security
  • National Security Agency Surveillance Affecting Americans
  • Improper Surveillance of Private Citizens By The Military
  • The Internal Revenue Service: An Intelligence Resource and Collector
  • National Security, Civil Liberties, And The Collection of Intelligence: A Report On The Huston Plan

See also

• COINTELPRO
• Rockefeller Commission
• Surveillance abuse
• Family jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)
• Hughes-Ryan Act
• Human experimentation in the United States
• Project MKULTRA
• Operation Gladio (included in the classified part of the report)
• Pike Committee

Further reading

• Johnson, Loch K. (1988). A Season Of Inquiry, Congress And Intelligence. Chicago: Dorsey Press. ISBN 978-0-256-06320-2. 
• Smist, Jr., Frank J. (1990). Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1989. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-651-6. 

References

1. ^ ABC News
2. ^ Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission
3. ^ Military surveillance. Hearings .., Ninety-third Congress, second session, on S. 2318., April 9 and 10, 1974 : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Sub...
4. ^ Hersh, Seymour (1974-12-22). "Huge C.I.A. operation reported in U.S. against antiwar forces, other dissidents in Nixon years". New York Times. p. 1. 
5. ^ Benjamin, Mark (January 5 2007). The government is reading your mail. Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/01/05/mail_cover/. 
6. ^ Prados, John (2006). Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512847-5.  p. 313
7. ^ Carl Colby (director) (September 2011). The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby (Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment. http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/. Retrieved 2011. 
8. ^ "Frontline". www.pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/etc/cronfeld.html. Retrieved 2006-07-30. 
9. ^ Cohen, David; John Wells (Apr 17, 2004). American National Security and Civil Liberties in an Era of Terrorism. Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-4039-6199-0.  p. 34
10. ^ Church Committee Created www.senate.gov
11. ^ Knott, Stephen F (November 4 2001). "Congressional Oversight and the Crippling of the CIA". History News Network. http://hnn.us/articles/380.html. 
12. ^ Mooney, Chris (November 5 2001). "The American Prospect". Back to Church. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20061205025524/http://prospect.org/print/V12/19/mooney-c.html. 
13. ^ Burbach, Roger (October 2003). "State Terrorism and September 11, 1973 & 2001". ZMag 16 (10). Archived from the original on 01-02-2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201032534/http://zmagsite.zmag.org/Oct2003/burbach1003.html. 
14. ^ "Debate: Bush's handling of terror clues". Cable News Network. May 19 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/05/19/bush.decision.911.cnna/. 
15. ^ Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror (New Press, 2007).
16. ^ "UK Hosts Historical Reunion of Members of Church Committee". University of Kentucky News. September 14 2006. http://news.uky.edu/news/display_article.php?category=1&artid=1568. 

External links

• Church Committee reports (Assassination Archives and Research Center)
• Church Report: Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973 (U.S. Dept. of State)
• History Matters: Church Committee
• On the dangers of an unchecked bully boy
• The Pike Committee Investigations and the CIA
• Back to Church." Chris Mooney. The American Prospect. November 5, 2001.
• Debate: Bush's handling of terror clues." Cable News Network. May 19, 2002.