Zhang Guohua

Zhang Guohua, Lieutenant General, 1955

Zhang Guohua (simplified Chinese: 张国华; traditional Chinese: 張國華; pinyin: Zhāng Guóhuá; Wade–Giles: Chang Kuo-hua) (October 1914－February 21, 1972) was a Chinese general and a politician, serving during the Invasion of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War and later as a Communist Party secretary for the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Biography

Zhang Guohua was born in Yongxin, Jiangxi in 1914. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1931.

Career

Tibet campaign

As commander of the Southwest Eighteenth Army Corps of the People's Liberation Army, he led the main attack force in the 1950 Qamdo campaign against Tibetan forces.^[1] Zhang was chosen for his special knowledge of Tibetan culture; Mao Zedong did not want to alienate the Tibetans and gave strict instructions "to do united front work" by respecting the local religion and customs.^[2] In contrast to the leader of the Northwest Army, Fan Ming, he supported the Dalai Lama and avoided marching into the city after the victory. Zhang seized the position of Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee from 1950 to 1952, until Mao Zedong, on learning of his power struggle with Fan, replaced him with Zhang Jingwu as Secretary. Still, Zhang headed the Tibet Work Committee, which would negotiate the items in the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.^[1] Zhang only made passing reference to the negotiations in his memoirs.^[2] Zhang would resume his position as secretary from 1965 to 1967.

Sino-Indian War

On October 10, 1962 Zhang attended a meeting of military leaders outside Beijing. There, he endorsed the summary by Zhou Enlai that because India chose to occupy disputed territory with China, instead of peacefully resolving the border demarcation with it like Nepal, Burma, and Mongolia, that "Nehru has closed all roads. This leaves us only with war." As the Commander of the Tibet military region, Zhang was present for the formal decision to go to war with India in "self-defense" at the politboro meeting of October 18. Mao asked for problems with this plan, and suggested that they were underestimating the Indian Armed Forces, but Zhang reassured him.^[3] Zhang was the People's Liberation Army field commander during the Sino-Indian War.

Cultural Revolution

In February 1967, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, three divisions of Red Guards tried to oust Zhang Guohua from the Governorship in Lhasa. Using armor, he succeeded in repressing them, and negotiated with the central government to be moved to Sichuan to form a revolutionary committee.^[4] He served as the Governor of Sichuan from 1968 to 1972.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2009). A History of Modern Tibet. Volume II: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955. University of California Press. pp. 292–299. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Norbu, Dawa (2001). China's Tibet policy. Routledge. pp. 183, 197. ISBN 9780700704743. 
3. ^ Johnston, Alastair I.; Ross, Robert S. (2006). New directions in the study of China's foreign policy. Stanford University Press. pp. 121–122, 116. ISBN 9780804753630. 
4. ^ China: the revolution is dead, long live the revolution. Black Rose Books. 1977. p. 112. ISBN 9780919618374. 

Preceded by none	Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee 1950 – 1952	Succeeded by Zhang Jingwu
Preceded by Zhang Jingwu	Secretary of the CPC Tibet Committee 1965 – 1967	Succeeded by Zeng Yongya
Preceded by Li Dazhang	Governor of Sichuan 1968 – 1972	Succeeded by Liu Xingyuan
Preceded by Liao Zhigao	Secretary of the CPC Sichuan Committee 1971 – 1972	Succeeded by Liu Xingyuan

Persondata
Name	Zhang, Guohua
Alternative names
Short description	Chiense general
Date of birth	1914
Place of birth
Date of death	1972
Place of death