Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy

Maria Clotilde
Princess Napoléon
Photograph by Etienne Neurdein
Spouse	Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
Issue
Prince Victor Napoléon Maria Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
Full name
Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilde di Savioa
House	House of Savoy House of Bonaparte
Father	Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
Mother	Adelaide of Austria
Born	2 March 1843(1843-03-02) Royal Palace, Turin
Died	25 June 1911(1911-06-25) (aged 68) Castle of Moncalieri, Italy

Maria Clotilde of Savoy (Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilde; 2 March 1843 – 25 June 1911) was born in Turin to Vittorio Emanuele II, later King of Italy and his first wife Adelaide of Austria. She was the wife of Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte.

Family

Maria Clotilde was the eldest of eight children born to Victor Emmanuel, King of Savoy by his first wife and cousin Archduchess Adelaide of Austria. Her father would later become the King of a united Italy as Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.

Maria Clotilde's paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Tuscany.

Her maternal grandparents were Archduke Rainer of Austria and Elisabeth of Savoy. Rainer was a younger son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Marriage

Maria Clotilde's husband Napoléon Joseph Bonaparte.

On 30 January 1859 she was married in Turin to Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte (1822–1891). They had three children:

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Napoléon Victor Bonaparte	1862	1926	Married Princess Clémentine of Belgium, a daughter of Leopold II of Belgium.
Louis Bonaparte	1864	1932
Maria Letizia Bonaparte	1866	1926	who in 1888 became the second wife of her uncle Amedeo (1845–1890), Duke of Aosta, and from 1870 until 1873 King of Spain.

Marriage

Their marriage was unhappy, particularly as Maria Clotilde preferred the quieter, more duty-filled life that she felt they should maintain, while Napoléon Joseph preferred the faster, more entertainment-filled lifestyle of the French Court. Another factor in their unhappy marriage were the circumstances leading up to their espousal. Maria Clotilde had been only 15 when they were married, while he had been over 37 years old.^[1] In the events leading up to their marriage, she had been vehemently against it, and had unhappily agreed to it. The marriage had also been negotiated out of political reasons during the conference of Plombières (July 1858).^[1] As Maria Clotilde was too young at the time for marriage, Napoléon Joseph had had to wait until the following year; many had disapproved of the speed he undertook collecting his young bride in Turin.^[1] Their marriage was often compared to that of an elephant and a gazelle; the bridegroom had strong Napoleonic features (broad, bulky, and ponderous) while the bride appeared frail, short, fair-haired, and with the characteristic nose of the House of Savoy.^[1]

Maria Clotilde with her son, Napoléon Victor

Her husband was unfaithful, and she was active within charities. Maria Clotilde was described as very proud, bigoted and dutiful. During a discussion of the proper way of dressing, Maria Clotide pointed out to Empress Eugenie that she should not forget that she was born and raised in a Royal Court. When Eugenie complained of the fatigue of the French Court on one occasion, Maria Clotilde replied "We do not mind; you see, we are born to it".^[2] She was also described however as "pious and modest".^[3]

The marriage was also unpopular with both the French and the Italians; the latter in particular felt that the daughter of their King had been sacrificed to an unpopular member of the House of Bonaparte and consequently regarded it as a mésalliance.^[4] For France's part, Napoléon Joseph was ill-regarded and had been known to carry on a number of affairs both before and during his marriage. Their official reception into Paris on 4 February was greeted very coldly by Parisians, not out of disrespect for a daughter of the King of Savoy, but instead out of dislike for her new husband.^[1] Indeed, all her life, public sympathy tended to lean in her favor; she was fondly regarded as retiring, charitable, pious, and trapped in an unhappy marriage.^[5]

Fall of French Empire

After the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, Maria Clotilde had initially refused to leave Paris when the revolution broke out, because of her sense of what was suitable for a Princess from the House of Savoy, which was to stay on her post. They were forced to flee, however, and their family enjoyed a beautiful estate in the town of Prangins near Lake Geneva that they resided in.^[6]

Turin

After Maria Clotilde's father Victor Emmanuel died in 1878, she returned to Turin, Italy without her husband. During this period, their daughter (Maria Letizia) mostly resided with her mother in the Castle of Moncalieri, but her two sons stayed mainly with their father.^[7] It was in Italy that their mother withdrew herself from society to dedicate herself to religion and various charities.

After the revolution, she lived the rest of her life in Moncalieri (located outside of Turin), where she spent her days devoting herself to religion.^[8] She lived in retirement from the world for the following twenty years, until her death.^[3] Maria Clotilde died in Moncalieri at the age of 68.^[8][9] She was buried there, and the funeral was given regal honors. It was attended by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Queen Helena, and others.^[9]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

• 2 March 1843 – 30 January 1859 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy
• 30 January 1859 – 18 March 1891 Her Imperial Highness The Princess Napoléon
• 18 March 1891 – 25 June 1911 Her Imperial Highness The Dowager Princess Napoléon

Ancestry

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Vizetelly, p. 225.
2. ^ Chase, W.B. (18 July 1920), "How An Empress Was Snubbed", The New York Times 
3. ^ ^{a b} "The Widow of Plon-Plon", The New York Times, 27 June 1911 
4. ^ Vizetelly, pp. 225-26.
5. ^ Vizetelly, p. 226.
6. ^ Remsen Whitehouse, p. 313.
7. ^ Remsen Whitehouse, pp. 313-314.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Princess Clothilde Dies in Turin At Age 68", The New York Times (Amsterdam), 25 June 1911 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Dowager Bonaparte Princess Buried", The New York Times (Moncalieri, Italy), 29 June 1911 

Sources

• Remsen Whitehouse, Henry (1897). The Sacrifice of a Throne: Being an Account of the Life of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sometime King of Spain. New York: Bonnel, Silver, and Co. 
• Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred (1907). The Court of the Tuileries, 1852-1870: Its Organization, Chief Personages, Splendour, Frivolity, and Downfall. London: William Clowes and Sons, Limited. 

Persondata
Name	Maria Clotilde Of Savoy, Princess
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	2 March 1843
Place of birth	Royal Palace, Turin
Date of death	25 June 1911
Place of death	Castle of Moncalieri, Italy