- TGF alpha
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is upregulated in some humancancer s. It is produced inmacrophage s,brain cells, andkeratinocyte s, and induces epithelial development. It is closely related to EGF, and can also bind to the EGF receptor with similar effects . TGFα stimulates neural cellproliferation in theadult injuredbrain . [In vivo induction of massive proliferation, directed migration, and differentiation of neural cells in the adult mammalian brain. "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000 Dec 19; 97(26): 14686-91; PMID|11121069 PMID_free|11121069]TGFα was cited in the 2001 NIH Stem Cell report to the U.S. Congress as promising evidence for the ability of adult stem cells to restore function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Transforming growth factor References
Further reading
PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Luetteke NC, Lee DC |title=Transforming growth factor alpha: expression, regulation and biological action of its integral membrane precursor. |journal=Semin. Cancer Biol. |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 265–75 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2103501 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Greten FR, Wagner M, Weber CK, "et al." |title=TGF alpha transgenic mice. A model of pancreatic cancer development. |journal=Pancreatology |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 363–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12120215 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Vieira AR |title=Association between the transforming growth factor alpha gene and nonsyndromic oral clefts: a HuGE review. |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=163 |issue= 9 |pages= 790–810 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16495466 |doi= 10.1093/aje/kwj103
*cite journal | author=Nasim MM, Thomas DM, Alison MR, Filipe MI |title=Transforming growth factor alpha expression in normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric carcinoma--an immunohistochemical study. |journal=Histopathology |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 339–43 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1577411 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Thomas DM, Nasim MM, Gullick WJ, Alison MR |title=Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal adult gastrointestinal tract. |journal=Gut |volume=33 |issue= 5 |pages= 628–31 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1612477 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bean MF, Carr SA |title=Characterization of disulfide bond position in proteins and sequence analysis of cystine-bridged peptides by tandem mass spectrometry. |journal=Anal. Biochem. |volume=201 |issue= 2 |pages= 216–26 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1632509 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lei ZM, Rao CV |title=Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligands, EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha, in human fallopian tubes. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=131 |issue= 2 |pages= 947–57 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1639032 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Werner S, Roth WK, Bates B, "et al." |title=Fibroblast growth factor 5 proto-oncogene is expressed in normal human fibroblasts and induced by serum growth factors. |journal=Oncogene |volume=6 |issue= 11 |pages= 2137–44 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1658709 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Saeki T, Cristiano A, Lynch MJ, "et al." |title=Regulation by estrogen through the 5'-flanking region of the transforming growth factor alpha gene. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1955–63 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1791840 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Harvey TS, Wilkinson AJ, Tappin MJ, "et al." |title=The solution structure of human transforming growth factor alpha. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=198 |issue= 3 |pages= 555–62 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2050136 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kline TP, Brown FK, Brown SC, "et al." |title=Solution structures of human transforming growth factor alpha derived from 1H NMR data. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=29 |issue= 34 |pages= 7805–13 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2261437 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Jakowlew SB, Kondaiah P, Dillard PJ, "et al." |title=A novel low molecular weight ribonucleic acid (RNA) related to transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=2 |issue= 11 |pages= 1056–63 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2464748 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Jakobovits EB, Schlokat U, Vannice JL, "et al." |title=The human transforming growth factor alpha promoter directs transcription initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=8 |issue= 12 |pages= 5549–54 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2907605 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tricoli JV, Nakai H, Byers MG, "et al." |title=The gene for human transforming growth factor alpha is on the short arm of chromosome 2. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=42 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 94–8 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3459638 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lee DC, Rose TM, Webb NR, Todaro GJ |title=Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-alpha. |journal=Nature |volume=313 |issue= 6002 |pages= 489–91 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3855503 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Derynck R, Roberts AB, Winkler ME, "et al." |title=Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. coli. |journal=Cell |volume=38 |issue= 1 |pages= 287–97 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6088071 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Ogbureke KU, MacDaniel RK, Jacob RS, Durban EM |title=Distribution of immunoreactive transforming growth factor-alpha in non-neoplastic human salivary glands. |journal=Histol. Histopathol. |volume=10 |issue= 3 |pages= 691–6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7579819 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Walz TM, Malm C, Nishikawa BK, Wasteson A |title=Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in human bone marrow: demonstration of TGF-alpha in erythroblasts and eosinophilic precursor cells and of epidermal growth factor receptors in blastlike cells of myelomonocytic origin. |journal=Blood |volume=85 |issue= 9 |pages= 2385–92 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7727772 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Patel B, Hiscott P, Charteris D, "et al." |title=Retinal and preretinal localisation of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. |journal=The British journal of ophthalmology |volume=78 |issue= 9 |pages= 714–8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7947554 |doi=External links
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