Colostrum

Colostrum
Not to be confused with Claustrum.
"Beestings" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Bee sting.

Colostrum (also known colloquially as beestings,[1] bisnings[2] or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease, as well as being lower in fat[3] and higher in protein than ordinary milk.

Contents

Human colostrum

On the left is colostrum expressed on day 4 of lactation, and on the right is breastmilk expressed on day 8. Colostrum often has a yellow hue compared to breastmilk.

Newborns have very small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form. It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium. This clears excess bilirubin, a waste product of dead red blood cells, which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction, from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice. Colostrum is known to contain antibodies called immunoglobulins such as IgA, IgG, and IgM in mammals. IgA is absorbed through the intestinal epithelium, travels through the blood, and is secreted onto other Type 1 mucosal surfaces. These are the major components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin,[4] lysozyme,[5] lactoperoxidase,[6] complement,[7] and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP).[8] A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,[9] including interleukins,[9] tumor necrosis factor,[10] chemokines,[11] and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I,[12] and II,[13] transforming growth factors alpha,[14] beta 1 and beta 2,[15][16] fibroblast growth factors,[17] epidermal growth factor,[18] granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor,[19] platelet-derived growth factor,[19] vascular endothelial growth factor,[20] and colony-stimulating factor-1.[21]

Colostrum is very rich in proteins, vitamin A, and sodium chloride, but contains lower amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and potassium than normal milk. The most pertinent bioactive components in colostrum are growth factors and antimicrobial factors. The antibodies in colostrum provide passive immunity, while growth factors stimulate the development of the gut. They are passed to the neonate and provide the first protection against pathogens.

In animal husbandry

Colostrum is crucial for newborn farm animals. They receive no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth, so any antibodies that they need have to be ingested. This oral transfer of immunity can occur because the newborn's stomach is porous. This means that large proteins (such as antibodies) can pass through the stomach wall. The newborn animal must receive colostrum within 6 hours of being born for maximal transfer of antibodies to occur. The stomach wall remains somewhat open up to 24 hours of age, but transfer is more limited.[22]

Livestock breeders commonly bank colostrum from their animals. Colostrum can be stored frozen but it does lose some of its inherent quality. Colostrum produced on a breeder's own premises is considered to be superior to colostrum from other sources, because it is produced by animals already exposed to (and, thus, making antibodies to) pathogens occurring on the premises. A German study reported that multiparous mares produced on average a liter (quart) of colostrum containing 70 grams of IgG.[23]

Bovine colostrum is produced by cows for their newborn calves. In many dairy cow herds the calves are not permitted to nurse; rather, they are fed colostrum from a bottle or by stomach tube and later milk from a bottle then a bucket.

Human consumption of bovine colostrum

Assertions that colostrum consumption is of human benefit are questionable because most ingredients undergo digestion in the adult stomach, including antibodies and all other proteins. Bovine colostrum and its components are safe for human consumption, except in the context of intolerance or allergy to lactose or other components. It shows promise in the treatment or prevention of a variety of disease states.[24][25][26]

Bovine colostrum from pasture-fed cows contains immunoglobulins specific to many human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,[27] and rotavirus (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight infections. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.[28] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.[29]

Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance[30] decrease recovery time,[31] and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.[32][33] Research fails to show a conclusive effect of colostrum on lean body mass.[30][34]

Low IGF-1 levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established.[35] People with eating disorders also have low levels of IGF-1 due to malnutrition,[36] as do obese individuals.[37] Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.[citation needed] Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, it does stimulate the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement.[38]

Colostrum also has antioxidant components, such as lactoferrin[39] and hemopexin, which binds free heme in the body.[40]

Hyperimmune colostrum

Hyperimmune colostrum was an early attempt to boost the effectiveness of natural bovine colostrum by immunizing cows with a specific pathogen and then collecting the colostrum after the cow gave birth. This initially appeared very promising as antibodies did appear towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the original challenge. However, upon closer examination and comparison, it was found that IgG levels in natural colostrum towards 19 specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.[27] However, travelan, a drug used to prevent traveller's diarrhoea is made using this method, and has been shown to prevent the disease in up to 90% of people.[41]

Proline-rich Polypeptides (PRP)

These small immune signaling peptides were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States,[42] and Poland.[43] Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including Colostrinin, CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized.[44] At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRP simply stimulates cell-mediated immunity.[45]

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology indicated that PRP may have an impact on the aging process by reducing the spontaneous or induced mutation frequency in the DNA of cells.[46] Such DNA damage is implicated in the general process of aging. The study, which was performed in both hamster and human cells, looked at the impact of PRP on the frequency of defined DNA mutations in these cells as they occur naturally and when induced by various known chemical or physical agents. In cells stressed oxidatively, PRP reduced the frequency of mutation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to nearly background levels in a dose-dependent manner. It is suggested that the antimutagenic properties of PRP are achieved via multiple mechanisms - by decreasing intracellular levels of ROS and so preventing DNA damage and by increasing the efficiency of natural DNA repair mechanisms.

PRP-rich preparations from bovine colostrum have shown some activity against various diseases including viral infections[47] of herpes viruses[48] and HIV,[49] as well as difficult to treat bacterial and fungal infections like Mycobacterium fortuitum[50] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis[51] (cause of tuberculosis), cryptosporidosis in AIDS patients,[52] and candida.[53] Also for various forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease,[54] osteogenic sarcoma,[55] prostate cancer,[56] and others. As an immune modulator, PRP is also effective in disease states characterized by an overactive immune system, such as allergies,[57][58] asthma,[59] and autoimmune diseases.[60]

PRP has some effect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease,[61] but has not yet shown longterm disease retarding effect.[62] A placebo-controlled clinical trial in 106 Alzheimer’s sufferers over 30 weeks was completed in 2002 and the results appeared to demonstrate efficacy in a significant proportion of patients treated.[63] The results showed that approximately 40% of patients taking PRP were stabilized or improved after 15 weeks of therapy, based on an Analysis of Overall Response. 33% of patients continued to show stabilization or improvement after 30 weeks of treatment, although levels of benefit were slightly higher at the 15-week stage of the trial. The dosage regimen used for the trial was 100 micrograms of PRP administered every second day for three weeks followed by a two-week period without PRP.

There is one report of use in patients with intractable epilepsy.[64]

References

  1. ^ Gottstein, Michael. Colostrum is vital ingredient to keep newborn lambs alive. Irish Independent. 3 March 2009.
  2. ^ Peter Bird, Northamptonshire ACRE 'Village Voices' oral history recordings, Northamptonshire ACRE and Northamptonshire County Archives
  3. ^ L. Saint, Margret Smith, P. E. Hartmann (1984). "The yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum". British Journal of Nutrition 52: 91. http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=852540. 
  4. ^ Groves, ML (1960). "The isolation of a red protein from milk". Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (13): 3345–3360. doi:10.1021/ja01498a029. 
  5. ^ Paulík S, Slanina L, Polácek M (January 1985). "[Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows]" (in Slovak). Vet Med (Praha) 30 (1): 21–8. PMID 3918380. 
  6. ^ Reiter B (1978). "The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide antibacterium system". Ciba Found. Symp. (65): 285–94. PMID 225143. 
  7. ^ Brock, JH, et al. (1975). "Bactericidal and hemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA)". Annales d'Immunologie 126C (4): 439–451. 
  8. ^ Zabłocka A, Janusz M, Rybka K, Wirkus-Romanowska I, Kupryszewski G, Lisowski J (2001). "Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs". Eur. Cytokine Netw. 12 (3): 462–7. PMID 11566627. http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/bio_rech/ecn/e-docs/00/01/60/E3/article.phtml. 
  9. ^ a b Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, Iwai H (October 2000). "Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum". Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 76 (3–4): 183–90. doi:10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00213-0. PMID 11044552. 
  10. ^ Rudloff HE, Schmalstieg FC, Mushtaha AA, Palkowetz KH, Liu SK, Goldman AS (January 1992). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk". Pediatr. Res. 31 (1): 29–33. PMID 1375729. 
  11. ^ Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA (November 2003). "ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk". Cytokine 24 (3): 91–102. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.002. PMID 14581003. 
  12. ^ Xu RJ (1996). "Development of the newborn GI tract and its relation to colostrum/milk intake: a review". Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1071/RD9960035. PMID 8713721. 
  13. ^ O'Dell SD, Day IN (July 1998). "Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30 (7): 767–71. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00048-X. PMID 9722981. 
  14. ^ Okada M, Ohmura E, Kamiya Y, et al. (1991). "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in human milk". Life Sci. 48 (12): 1151–6. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90452-H. PMID 2002746. 
  15. ^ Saito S, Yoshida M, Ichijo M, Ishizaka S, Tsujii T (October 1993). "Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human milk". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94 (1): 220–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb06004.x. PMC 1534356. PMID 8403511. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1534356. 
  16. ^ Tokuyama Y, Tokuyama H (February 1993). "Purification and identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum". J. Dairy Res. 60 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1017/S0022029900027382. PMID 8436667. 
  17. ^ Hironaka, T, et al. Identification and partial purification of a basic fibroblast growth factor-like growth factor derived from bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science 80(3):488-495 (1997)
  18. ^ Xiao X, Xiong A, Chen X, Mao X, Zhou X (March 2002). "Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas". Chin. Med. J. 115 (3): 451–4. PMID 11940387. 
  19. ^ a b Playford RJ, Macdonald CE, Johnson WS (July 2000). "Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (1): 5–14. PMID 10871554. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/72/1/5. 
  20. ^ Vuorela P, Andersson S, Carpén O, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmäki E (November 2000). "Unbound vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in breast, human milk, and newborn intestine". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (5): 1196–201. PMID 11063449. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/72/5/1196. 
  21. ^ Flidel-Rimon O, Roth P (November 1997). "Effects of milk-borne colony stimulating factor-1 on circulating growth factor levels in the newborn infant". J. Pediatr. 131 (5): 748–50. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70105-7. PMID 9403658. 
  22. ^ Pakkanen R, Aalto J. (1997). "Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum". International Dairy Journal 7 (5): 285–297. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00022-8. 
  23. ^ Venner M, Markus RG, Strutzberg-Minder K, Nogai K, Beyerbach M, Klug E (2008). "[Evaluation of immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum of mares by ELISA, refractometry and colostrometry]" (in Germanfbf). Berliner Und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 121 (1–2): 66–72. PMID 18277781. 
  24. ^ Uruakpa, F (2002). "Colostrum and its benefits: a review". Nutrition Research 22 (6): 755. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00373-1. 
  25. ^ Playford, RJ.; Floyd, DN.; Macdonald, CE.; Calnan, DP.; Adenekan, RO.; Johnson, W.; Goodlad, RA.; Marchbank, T. (May 1999). "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage". Gut 44 (5): 653–8. doi:10.1136/gut.44.5.653. PMC 1727496. PMID 10205201. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1727496. 
  26. ^ Carver, JD.; Barness, LA. (Jun 1996). "Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract". Clin Perinatol 23 (2): 265–85. PMID 8780905. 
  27. ^ a b McConnell MA, et al. A Comparison of IgG and IgG1 Activity in an Early Milk Concentrate from Non-Immunized Cows and a Milk from Hyperimmunized Animals. Food Research International 34:255-261 (2001)
  28. ^ SABIN, AB. (Nov 1950). "Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk of human beings and certain cows". AMA Am J Dis Child 80 (5): 866–7. PMID 14777169. 
  29. ^ Pallasch, TJ. (Oct 2003). "Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise". Dent Clin North Am 47 (4): 665–79. doi:10.1016/S0011-8532(03)00037-5. PMID 14664458. 
  30. ^ a b Hofman, Z.; Smeets, R.; Verlaan, G.; Lugt, R.; Verstappen, PA. (Dec 2002). "The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players". Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 12 (4): 461–9. PMID 12500989. 
  31. ^ Buckley, JD.; Abbott, MJ.; Brinkworth, GD.; Whyte, PB. (Jun 2002). "Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance". J Sci Med Sport 5 (2): 65–79. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440(02)80028-7. PMID 12188088. 
  32. ^ Ray Playford et al. (2011). The nutriceutical, bovine colostrum, truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, (March 2011).
  33. ^ Berk, LS.; Nieman, DC.; Youngberg, WS.; Arabatzis, K.; Simpson-Westerberg, M.; Lee, JW.; Tan, SA.; Eby, WC. (Apr 1990). "The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners". Med Sci Sports Exerc 22 (2): 207–12. PMID 2355818. 
  34. ^ Antonio, J.; Sanders, MS.; Van Gammeren, D. (Mar 2001). "The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women". Nutrition 17 (3): 243–7. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00552-9. PMID 11312068. 
  35. ^ Arai, Y.; Hirose, N.; Yamamura, K.; Shimizu, K.; Takayama, M.; Ebihara, Y.; Osono, Y. (Feb 2001). "Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in centenarians: implications of IGF-1 as a rapid turnover protein". J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci 56 (2): M79–82. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.2.M79. PMID 11213280. 
  36. ^ Caregaro, L.; Favaro, A.; Santonastaso, P.; Alberino, F.; Di Pascoli, L.; Nardi, M.; Favaro, S.; Gatta, A. (Jun 2001). "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders". Clin Nutr 20 (3): 251–7. doi:10.1054/clnu.2001.0397. PMID 11407872. 
  37. ^ Rasmussen, MH.; Frystyk, J.; Andersen, T.; Breum, L.; Christiansen, JS.; Hilsted, J. (Mar 1994). "The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone". Metabolism 43 (3): 315–9. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90099-X. PMID 7511202. 
  38. ^ Mero, A.; Kähkönen, J.; Nykänen, T.; Parviainen, T.; Jokinen, I.; Takala, T.; Nikula, T.; Rasi, S. et al. (Aug 2002). "IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training". J Appl Physiol 93 (2): 732–9. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2002 (inactive 2009-11-22). PMID 12133885. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/93/2/732. 
  39. ^ Wakabayashi, H.; Matsumoto, H.; Hashimoto, K.; Teraguchi, S.; Takase, M.; Hayasawa, H. (May 1999). "Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives" (PDF). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63 (5): 955–7. doi:10.1271/bbb.63.955. PMID 10380640. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/63/5/955/_pdf. 
  40. ^ Gutteridge, JM.; Smith, A. (Dec 1988). "Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation". Biochem J 256 (3): 861–5. PMC 1135495. PMID 3223958. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1135495. 
  41. ^ "Randomized control trials using a tablet formulation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum to prevent diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in volunteers". Informa Healthcare, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011; Early Online, 1–7. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/00365521.2011.574726. Retrieved 2011-05-23. 
  42. ^ Lawrence HS (August 1949). "The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin in man". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 71 (4): 516–22. PMID 18139800. 
  43. ^ Janusz M, Lisowski J, Franĕk F (December 1974). "Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum". FEBS Lett. 49 (2): 276–9. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80529-6. PMID 4442608. 
  44. ^ Zimecki M (2008). "A proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: colostrinin with immunomodulatory activity". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 606: 241–50. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_9. ISBN 978-0-387-74086-7. PMID 18183932. 
  45. ^ Levin AS, Spitler LE, Fudenberg HH (1975). "Transfer factor I: methods of therapy". Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 11 (1): 445–8. PMID 1080060. 
  46. ^ Bacsi Attila; Aguilera-Aguirre Leopoldo; German Peter; Kruzel Marian L; Boldogh Istvan; Colostrinin decreases spontaneous and induced mutation frequencies at the hprt locus in Chinese hamster V79 cells, Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology 2006; 5(4):249-59.
  47. ^ Khan A (February 1978). "Transfer factor in viral diseases". Lancet 1 (8059): 328–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90099-5. PMID 75363. 
  48. ^ Estrada-Parra S, Chávez-Sánchez R, Ondarza-Aguilera R, et al. (1995). "Immunotherapy with transfer factor of recurrent herpes simplex type I". Arch. Med. Res. 26 Spec No: S87–92. PMID 8845664. 
  49. ^ Raise E, Guerra L, Viza D, et al. (1996). "Preliminary results in HIV-1-infected patients treated with transfer factor (TF) and zidovudine (ZDV)". Biotherapy 9 (1–3): 49–54. doi:10.1007/BF02628656. PMID 8993757. 
  50. ^ Wilson GB, Metcalf JF, Fudenberg HH (May 1982). "Treatment of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary infection with "transfer factor" (TF): new methodology for evaluating TF potency and predicting clinical response". Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 23 (2): 478–91. doi:10.1016/0090-1229(82)90132-5. PMID 7049471. 
  51. ^ Fabre RA, Pérez TM, Aguilar LD, et al. (May 2004). "Transfer factors as immunotherapy and supplement of chemotherapy in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 136 (2): 215–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02454.x. PMC 1809022. PMID 15086383. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1809022. 
  52. ^ Louie E, Borkowsky W, Klesius PH, et al. (September 1987). "Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor". Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 44 (3): 329–34. doi:10.1016/0090-1229(87)90077-8. PMID 3621678. 
  53. ^ Feigin RD, Shackelford PG, Eisen S, Spitler LE, Pickering LK, Anderson DC (January 1974). "Treatment of mucocutaneous candidasis with transfer factor". Pediatrics 53 (1): 63–70. PMID 4588132. 
  54. ^ Phillips J, Boiucheix C, Pizza G, Sartorio C, Viza D (March 1978). "Effect of in vitro produced transfer factor on Hodgkin patients". Br. J. Haematol. 38 (3): 430–1. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1978.tb01066.x. PMID 76476. 
  55. ^ Levin AS, Byers VS, Fudenberg HH, et al. (March 1975). "Osteogenic sarcoma. Immunologic parameters before and during immunotherapy with tumor-specific transfer factor". J. Clin. Invest. 55 (3): 487–99. doi:10.1172/JCI107955. PMC 301776. PMID 1078826. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=301776. 
  56. ^ Pizza G, De Vinci C, Cuzzocrea D, et al. (1996). "A preliminary report on the use of transfer factor for treating stage D3 hormone-unresponsive metastatic prostate cancer". Biotherapy 9 (1–3): 123–32. doi:10.1007/BF02628669. PMID 8993770. 
  57. ^ Boldogh I, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Bacsi A, Choudhury BK, Saavedra-Molina A, Kruzel M (2008). "Colostrinin decreases hypersensitivity and allergic responses to common allergens". Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 146 (4): 298–306. doi:10.1159/000121464. PMID 18367843. 
  58. ^ Keech A (2008). "Peptide Immunotherapy: The Use of Bovine Colostrum Proline-Rich Polypeptides in Cytokine Modulation for the Alternative Relief of Allergic Symptoms". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119 (1): S260–S260. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.388. 
  59. ^ Khan A, Sellars W, Grater W, et al. (April 1978). "The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections". Ann Allergy 40 (4): 229–32. PMID 345886. 
  60. ^ Lawrence HS (June 1965). "Transfer factor and autoimmune disease". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 124 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18942.x. PMID 4379060. 
  61. ^ Bilikiewicz A, Gaus W (February 2004). "Colostrinin (a naturally occurring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease". J. Alzheimers Dis. 6 (1): 17–26. PMID 15004324. 
  62. ^ Robles A (2009). "Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately?". Open Neurol J 3: 27–44. doi:10.2174/1874205X00903010027. PMC 2684708. PMID 19461897. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2684708. 
  63. ^ A. Bilikiewicz; W. Gaus; Colostrinin (a naturally occurring proline-rich polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 6 (2004) 17–26 17 IOS Press.
  64. ^ Simko M, Mokrán V, Nyulassy S (April 1997). "[Immunomodulatory therapy of epilepsy with transfer factor]" (in Slovak). Bratisl Lek Listy 98 (4): 234–7. PMID 9264833. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • colostrum — [ kɔlɔstrɔm ] n. m. • colostre 1564; mot lat. ♦ Physiol. Liquide riche en protéines, sécrété par la glande mammaire après l accouchement. ● colostrum nom masculin (latin colostrum) Liquide jaunâtre sécrété par la glande mammaire les premiers… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Colostrum — (lat., Bie s oder Biestmilch), die gelblich gefärbte milchähnliche Flüssigkeit, die in den letzten Wochen der Schwangerschaft und in den ersten Tagen des Wochenbettes von der Brustdrüse abgesondert wird. Es ist trübe durch die Beimengung der… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • colostrum — 1570s, from L. colostrum first milk from an animal, of unknown origin …   Etymology dictionary

  • Colostrum — Co*los trum, n. [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Colostrum — (lat.), die erste, noch wässerige Milch der Kindbetterinnen, den 1. oder auch noch 2. Tag nach der Entbindung, welche, dem Säugling gereicht, bei diesem den Abgang des Kindspechs befördert. Außer den Milchkügelchen enthält sie Colostrumkugeln, d …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Colostrum — Colostrum, lat., die erste Milch einer Frau nach der Niederkunft; sie ist dünner als die spätere und hat Colostrumkügelchen, d.h. mit Fetttröpfchen er füllte Zellen der Milchdrüsenschleimhaut …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • colostrum — [kə läs′trəm] n. [L, beestings] the first fluid, rich in protein, secreted by the mother s mammary glands for several days just after birth of the young …   English World dictionary

  • Colostrum — Le colostrum est le nom donné au lait sécrété par les mammifères femelles en fin de gestation et dans les premiers jours (3 à 4) suivant la parturition. Chez l etre humain De couleur jaunâtre, il est très riche en protéines et anticorps… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Colostrum — Das Kolostrum (lat. colostrum, auch Colostrum) ist die Erstmilch für Säugetiere, die von der weiblichen Milchdrüse produziert wird, um das Neugeborene in den ersten Tagen optimal zu ernähren. Es wird auch als Vormilch, Kolostralmilch, Biestmilch… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • colostrum — colostral, adj. /keuh los treuhm/, n. a yellowish liquid, esp. rich in immune factors, secreted by the mammary gland of female mammals a few days before and after the birth of their young. Also called foremilk. [1570 80; < L colostrum, colustrum… …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”