Taxodium mucronatum

Taxodium mucronatum
"El Árbol del Tule", in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Genus:	Taxodium
Species:	T. mucronatum
Binomial name
Taxodium mucronatum Ten.
Synonyms
Taxodium distichum var. mucronatum (Ten.) A.Henry Taxodium mexicanum Carrière Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum (Carrière) Gordon Cuprespinnata mexicana (Carrière) J.Nelson[2]

Taxodium mucronatum, also known as Montezuma Cypress, Sabino, or Ahuehuete is a species of Taxodium native to much of Mexico (south to the highlands of southern Mexico), and also the Rio Grande Valley in southernmost Texas, USA^[2] as well as Huehuetenango Department in Guatemala.^[3] Ahuehuete is derived from the Nahuatl name for the tree, āhuēhuētl, which means "upright drum in water"^[4] or "old man of the water."^[2]

Description

It is a large evergreen or semi-evergreen tree growing to 40 m (130 ft) tall and with a trunk of 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) diameter (occasionally much more; see below). The leaves are spirally arranged but twisted at the base to lie in two horizontal ranks, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) broad. The cones are ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) broad. Unlike Bald Cypress and Pond Cypress, Montezuma Cypress rarely produces cypress knees from the roots.^[2] Trees from the Mexican highlands achieve a notable stoutness.

One specimen, the Árbol del Tule in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico, is the second stoutest tree in the world with a diameter of 11.42 m (37.5 ft). Several other specimens from 3–6 m (9.8–20 ft) diameter are known. The stoutest tree in the world is the Big Baobab, an African Baobab.

Habitat

Montezuma Cypress is primarily a riparian tree, growing along upland riversides, but can also be found next to springs and marshes. It occurs from 300 to 2,500 m (980 to 8,200 ft), in Mexico mainly in highlands at 1,600–2,300 m (5,200–7,500 ft) in altitude. T. mucronatum is very drought-tolerant and fast-growing and favors climates that are rainy throughout the year or at least with high summer rainfall.

Culture

Ahuehuete became the national tree of Mexico in 1910.^[5] The tree is sacred to the native peoples of Mexico, and is featured in the Zapotec creation myth.^[6] To the Aztecs, the combined shade of an āhuēhuētl and a pōchōtl (Ceiba pentandra) metaphorically represented a ruler's authority.^[7] According to legend, Hernán Cortés wept under an ahuehuete in Popotla^[8] after suffering defeat during the Battle of La Noche Triste.^[9]

Uses

Montezuma Cypresses have been used as ornamental trees since Pre-Columbian times. The Aztecs planted āhuēhuētl along processional paths in the gardens of Chapultepec because of its association with government.^[10] Artificial islands called chinampas were formed in the shallow lakes of the Valley of Mexico by adding soil to rectangular areas enclosed by trees such as āhuēhuētl;^[2] they also lined the region's canals prior to Spanish conquest.^[5]

Ahuehuetes are frequently cultivated in Mexican parks and gardens. The wood is used to make house beams and furniture.^[9] The Aztecs used its resin to treat gout, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, and toothaches. A decoction made from the bark was used as a diuretic and an emmenagogue. Pitch derived from the wood was used as a cure for bronchitis The leaves acted as a relaxant and could help reduce itching.^[11]

A linear grove is located in the main courtyard of the Getty Center Art Museum, thriving since 1995.^[12]

Notes

1. ^ Farjon (2003). Taxodium mucronatum. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Taxodium mucronatum". The Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/cu/Taxodium_mucronatum.php. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
3. ^ Veblen, Thomas T. (1977). "Guatemalan Conifers". Unasylva (Food and Agriculture Organization) 29 (118). http://www.fao.org/docrep/l2015e/l2015e05.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
4. ^ Andrews, James Richard (2003). Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 328. ISBN 9780806134529. http://books.google.com/?id=-IDsW8YmaigC. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Debreczy, Zsolt; István Rácz (Winter 1997–1998). "El Arbol del Tule: The Ancient Giant of Oaxaca". Arnoldia (Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University) 57 (4): 3–11. http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/475.pdf. 
6. ^ "Taxodium mucronatum Montezuma Bald Cypress". Cal Poly Plant Conservatory. California Polytechnic State University. http://plantconservatory.calpoly.edu/Tree/Taxodium_mucronatum.html. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
7. ^ Haskett, Robert (2007). "Primordial Titles". Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory, Provisional Version. University of Oregon. http://whp.uoregon.edu/Lockhart/HaskettTitulos.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
8. ^ Geiger, John Lewis (1874). A Peep at Mexico: Narrative of a Journey Across the Republic from the Pacific to the Gulf in December 1873 and January 1874. Trübner and Co.. p. 268. http://books.google.com/?id=qDUCAAAAYAAJ. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Felger, Richard Stephen; Matthew Brian Johnson; Michael Francis Wilson (2001). The Trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780195128918. http://books.google.com/?id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C. 
10. ^ Evans, Susan Toby (2007). Michel Conan W. John Kress. ed. Botanical Progress, Horticultural Innovation and Cultural Changes. Volume 28. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 90. ISBN 9780884023272. http://books.google.com/?id=dmclFThar_UC. 
11. ^ Sullivan, Janet (1994). "Taxodium mucronatum". Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/taxmuc/all.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
12. ^ Smaus, Robert (1997-12-14). "A Gardener's Getty". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/14/realestate/re-63912/5. 

References

• Eguiluz T. 1982. Clima y Distribución del género pinus en México. Distrito Federal. Mexico.
• Rzedowski J. 1983. Vegetación de México. Distrito Federal, Mexico.
• Martínez, Maximinio. 1978. Catálogo de nombres vulgares y científicos de plantas mexicanas.

External links

• "Taxodium mucronatum" (PDF). Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and other publications). United States Geological Survey. http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/taxomucr.pdf.