List of biogeographic provinces

The following list of biogeographic provinces was developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975.

Afrotropical Realm

* Tropical humid forests
** Guinean Rainforest
** Congo Rainforest
** Malagasy Rainforest

* Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
** West African Woodland/Savanna
** East African Woodland/Savanna
** Congo Woodland/Savanna
** Miombo Woodland/Savanna
** South African Woodland/Savanna
** Malagasy Woodland/Savanna
** Malagasy Thorn Forest

* Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
** Cape Sclerophyll

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Western Sahel
** Eastern Sahel
** Somalian
** Namib
** Kalahari
** Karroo

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
** Ethiopian Highlands
** Guinean Highlands
** Central African Highlands
** East African Highlands
** South African Highlands

* Mixed island systems
** Ascension and St. Helena Islands
** Comores Islands and Aldabra
** Mascarene Islands

* Lake systems
** Lake Rudolph
** Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
** Lake Tanganyika
** Lake Malawi (Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
** Neozealandia

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
** Maudlandia
** Marielandia
** Insulantarctica

Australian Realm

* Tropical humid forests
** Queensland Coastal

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
** Tasmanian

* Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
** Northern Coastal

* Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
** Western Sclerophyll
** Eastern Sclerophyll
** Brigalow

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Western Mulga
** Central Desert
** Southern Mulga/Saltbush

* Tropical grasslands and savannas
** Northern Savanna
** Northern Grasslands

* Temperate grasslands
** Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm

* Tropical humid forests
** Malabar Rainforest
** Ceylonese Rainforest
** Bengalian Rainforest
** Burman Rainforest
** Indochinese Rainforest
** South Chinese Rainforest
** Malayan Rainforest

* Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
** Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest
** Burma Monsoon Forest
** Thailandian Monsoon Forest
** Mahanadian
** Coromandel
** Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
** Deccan Thorn Forest

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Thar Desert

* Mixed island systems
** Seychelles and Amirantes Islands
** Laccadives Islands
** Maldives and Chagos Islands
** Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands
** Andaman and Nicobar Islands
** Sumatra
** Java
** Lesser Sunda Islands
** Celebes
** Borneo
** Philippines
** Taiwan

Nearctic Realm

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
** Sitkan
** Oregonian

* Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
** Yukon Taiga
** Canadian Taiga

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
** Eastern Forest
** Austroriparian

* Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
** Californian

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Sonoran
** Chihuahuan
** Tamaulipan

* Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
** Great Basin

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
** Aleutian Islands
** Alaskan Tundra
** Canadian Tundra
** Arctic Archipelago
** Greenland Tundra
** Arctic Desert and Icecap

* Temperate grasslands
** Grasslands

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
** Rocky Mountains
** Sierra-Cascade
** Madrean-Cordilleran

* Lake systems
** Great Lakes

Neotropical Realm

* Tropical humid forests
** Campechean
** Panamanian
** Colombian Coastal
** Guayanan
** Amazonian
** Madeiran
** Serra do Mar (Bahian coast)

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
** Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
** Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
** Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest)
** Chilean Nothofagus

* Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
** Everglades
** Sinaloan
** Guerreran
** Yucatecan (Yucatan)
** Central American (Carib-Pacific)
** Venezuelan Dry Forest
** Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
** Ecuadoran Dry Forest
** Caatinga
** Gran Chaco

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
** Chilean Araucaria Forest

* Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
** Chilean Sclerophyll

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert)
** Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub)

* Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
** Patagonian

* Tropical grasslands and savannas
** Llanos
** Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands)
** Babacu
** Campos Cerrados (Campos)

* Temperate grasslands
** Argentinian Pampas (Pampas)
** Uruguayan Pampas

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
** Northern Andean
** Colombian Montane
** Yungas (Andean cloud forest)
** Puna
** Southern Andean

* Mixed island systems
** Bahamas-Bermudan
** Cuban
** Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
** Lesser Antillean
** Revilla Gigedo Island
** Cocos Island
** Galapagos Islands
** Fernando de Noronja Island
** South Trindade Island

* Lake systems
** Lake Titicaca

Oceanian Realm

* Mixed island systems
** Papuan
** Micronesian
** Hawaiian
** Southeastern Polynesian
** Central Polynesian
** New Caledonian
** East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
** Chinese Subtropical Forest
** Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest)

* Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
** West Eurasian Taiga
** East Siberian Taiga

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
** Icelandian
** Subarctic Birchwoods
** Kamchatkan
** British Islands (British and Irish Forest)
** Atlantic (West European Forest)
** Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland)
** Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest)
** Pannonian (Danubian Steppe)
** West Anatolian
** Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest
** Oriental Deciduous Forest

* Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
** Iberian Highlands
** Mediterranean Sclerophyll

* Warm deserts and semideserts
** Sahara
** Arabian Desert (Arabia)
** Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)

* Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
** Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
** Talka-Makan-Gobi Deserrt
** Tibetan
** Iranian Desert

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
** Arctic Desert
** Higharctic Tundra
** Lowarctic Tundra

* Temperate grasslands
** Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands)
** Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
** Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe)

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
** Scottish Highlands
** Central European Highlands
** Balkan Highlands
** Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands)
** Altai Highlands
** Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands
** Hindu Kush Highlands
** Himalayan Highlands
** Szechwan Highlands

* Mixed island systems
** Macaronesian Islands
** Ryukyu Islands

* Lake systems
** Lake Ladoga
** Aral Sea
** Lake Baikal

References

* Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". "CoEvolution Quarterly", Number 11, Fall 1976.
* Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). "A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world". IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
* Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) "World Biogeographical Provinces" (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California.

ee also

* Floristic province
* List of ecoregions