Norse cosmology

Norse paganism
Part of Norse paganism
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History Nordic Stone Age Nordic Bronze Age · Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age · Germanic Iron Age Barbarian Invasions · Viking Age
Mythology Gods · (Æsir · Vanir) · Jötunn Sigurd · Sigmund · Völundr · Vættir Elves (Light elves · Dark elves) · Dvergr Einherjar · Fenrir · Hel (being) Dís (Norns · Valkyries) · Jörmungandr Ask and Embla
Cosmology Ásgarðr · Vanaheimr · Miðgarðr Vígríðr · Bifröst · Fólkvangr · Ginnungagap Helheim · Múspellsheimr · Niflheimr Mímisbrunnr · Hvergelmir · Urðarbrunnr Yggdrasill · Walhǫllr · Jötunheimr
Rituals and worship Blót · Seiðr · Norse funeral · Yule Walpurgis Night · Midsummer Hörgr · Heathen hofs · Vé · Gothi Calendar · Runic magic · Völva · Galdr Death in Norse paganism
Society Norse law · Earl · Félag · Thing Mead hall · Holmgang · Old Norse Nithing pole · Nīþ · Ergi · Berserker
Events Æsir–Vanir War · Fimbulwinter Ragnarök · Wild Hunt
Sources Poetic Edda Prose Edda Tyrfing Cycle · Völsung Cycle Saga · Runestone
Origins Proto-Indo-European religion Germanic paganism
Categories Norse paganism
v · cosmology of Norse mythology has 'nine homeworlds', unified by the world tree Yggdrasill. Mapping the nine worlds escapes precision because the Poetic Edda often alludes vaguely, and the Prose Edda may be influenced by medieval Christian cosmology. The Norse creation myth tells how everything came into existence in the gap between fire and ice, and how the gods shaped the homeworld of humans. Yggdrasill A cosmic ash tree, Yggdrasill, lies at the center of the Norse cosmos. Three roots drink the waters of the homeworlds, one in the homeworld of the gods, the Æsir, one in the homeworld of the giants, the Jǫtnar, and one in the homeworld of the dead. Beneath the root in the world of the frost giants is the spring of Mimir, whose waters contain wisdom and understanding. The root in the Æsir homeworld taps the sacred wellspring of fate, the Well of Urðr. The tree is tended by the Norns, who live near it. Each day, they water it with pure water and whiten it with clay from the spring to preserve it. The water falls down to the earth as dew. Animals continually feed on the tree, threatening it, but its vitality persists evergreen as it heals and nourishes the vibrant aggression of life.[1] On the topmost branch of the tree sits an eagle. The beating of its wings cause the winds in the world of men. At the root of the tree lies a great serpent, Niðhǫggr, gnawing at it continuously. The squirrel Ratatosk carries insults from one to the other. Harts and goats devour the branches and tender shoots. Creation In the beginning, there were two regions: Muspellsheimr in the south, full of fire, light and heat; and Niflheimr in the north, full of arctic waters, mists, and cold.[2] Between them stretched the yawning emptiness of Ginnungagap, and into it poured sparks and smoke from the south and layers of rime-ice and glacial rivers from the north. As heat and cold met in Ginnungagap, a living Jǫtunn, Ymir, appeared in the melting ice. From his left armpit, the first man and woman were born. From his legs, the frost jötnar were born. Ymir fed on the milk of the cow Auðhumla. She licked the blocks of salty ice, releasing Buri. Buri's son Bor had three sons, the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. The three slew Ymir, and all of the frost giants but Bergelmir were drowned in the blood. From Ymir's body, they made the world of humans: his blood the seas and lakes, his flesh the earth, his bones the mountains and his teeth the rocks. From his skull they made the dome of the sky, setting a dwarf at each of the four corners to hold it high above the earth. They protected it from the jötnar with a wall made from Ymir's eyebrows. Next they caused time to exist, sending Night and Day to drive around the heavens in horse drawn chariots. They also set a girl Sun and a boy Moon on paths across the sky. These two must drive fast to outrun the wolves who pursued them. Norse Gods The realm of the Norse gods, the Æsir, is called Ásgarðr or the 'Townwall of the Ás'. The Æsir built it after the homeworld of humans, and it contains many halls.[3] Odin's hall, Válaskjálf, is roofed in silver. He can sit within it and view all the worlds at once. Gimli, a hall roofed in gold, to which righteous men are said to go after death, also lies somewhere in Asgard. Valhalla, the hall of the slain, is the feast hall of Odin. Those who died in battle are then raised in the evening to feast in Valhalla. Two important gods, the brother and sister, Freyr and Freyja, are citizens of Ásgarðr but actually exchange-hostages from Vanaheimr. Heimdall, the god's warden, dwells beside Bifröst, the rainbow bridge. Each day, the gods ride over Bifröst to their meeting place at the Well of Urd. Nine Homeworlds The phrase 'nine homeworlds' is Níu Heimar in Old Norse. Relating to another term heima meaning 'home' or 'homestead', the term heimr means a 'place of abode' in the sense of a homeland or 'region', or in a larger sense a 'world'.[4] These nine homeworlds include the earth, called Miðgarðr, the homeworld where humans as a family dwell. Poetic Edda In the Poetic Edda, the phrase Níu Heimar occurs in the following Old Norse texts. Völuspá 2 I remember the nine worlds, nine giantesses [who personify each land], the glorious [world tree] Mjötviðr [that unites them], before the ground below [existed]. Níu man ek heima, níu íviðjur, mjötvið mæran, fyr mold neðan. Vafþrúðnismál 43 I can say truly [about] the secrets from the Jötnar and all the gods, because I have come [traveling] over each world. I came [traveling over each of] the nine worlds, [even to the remotest places in each one], [even] before Niflhel below [where people] from Hel die. Frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða ek kann segja satt, þvíat hvern hefi ek heim of komit. Níu kom ek heima, fyr Níflhel neðan; hinig deyja ór helju halir. Prose Edda In the Prose Edda, the phrase occurs here. Gylfaginning 34 [Óðinn] threw Hel [the deity of death] into Niflheimr and gave her authority over the nine worlds. Hel kastaði hann í Niflheim ok gaf henni vald yfir níu heimum. Counting the worlds In the Poetic Edda, the poem Alvíssmál has a stanza that lists six worlds, clarifying each 'homeworld' (heimr) is the realm of a different family of beings. Þórr asks: What is the wind named 'in every world' (heimi hverjum í)? Álvíss answers: Alvíssmál 20 It is named 'wind' with the Humans. But 'waverer' with [the Æsir] the gods. [The Vanir] the enchanting-rulers call it 'neigher' [making sounds like a horse]. The Jötnar 'shrieker' [during deadly arctic storms]. The Álfar 'whistler'. In Hel, [the dead] call it 'squall' [a sharp increase in wind speed before a rain]. Vindr heitir með mönnum. en váfuðr með goðum. kalla gneggjuð ginnregin. æpi jötnar. alfar dynfara. kalla í helju hviðuð. Thus there are at least six worlds, each being the homeworld of a particular family of beings. Inferrably, they correspond to the following place names mentioned elsewhere in the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda. 1. Menn (humans): Miðgarðr. 2. Aesir (gods): Ásgarðr. 3. Vanir (gods): Vanaheimr. 4. Jötnar (giants): Jötunheimr. 5. Álfar (elves): Álfheimr. 6. Náir (corpses, the other world of the dead): Hel. The homeworld of the Dvergar is missing from the above list. Elsewhere, the poem mentions the Dvergar separately from the other families of beings. For example, Alvíssmál 14 lists the Dvergar as distinct from the Álf. Moreover the two place names, Álfheimr and Svartálfaheimr, confirm there are two separate heimar or 'homeworlds', one for each family. The byname Svartálfar or 'Black Elves' refers to the Dvergar.[5] and likewise Svartálfaheimr or the 'Homeworld of the Black Elves' is the home of the dwarf Brokkr (Skáldskaparmál 46). Alternatively, the home of the Dvergar is called Niðavellir or the 'Downward Fields' (Völuspá 37). Thus, these families of beings mentioned in the poem Alvíssmál are identified with seven of the nine homeworlds.[6] 7. Dvergar (dwarves): Svartálfaheimr. Seven homeworlds for seven families of beings. The last two of the homeworlds are less certain. Usually, the list adds the primordial realms of the elements of ice and fire, counting them as 'homeworlds'.[7][8] The place name of the element of ice, Niflheimr, means the arctic 'Mist Homeworld', suggesting it is one of the Nine 'Homeworlds'. 8. Primordial element of Ice: Niflheimr. 9. Primordial element of Fire: Muspellsheimr. Uncertainty The above identies for the Nine Homeworlds are common. However the relationships between these and other significant realms have resulted in confusion. Precise mapping remains uncertain. For example, Hel is said to be located in Niflheim:[9] As for Hel, ... Odin sent her down into the realm of mist and darkness, Niflheim. There she rules a kingdom encircled by a high wall and secured by strong gates. Later scribes may have believed Hel, or at least Niflhel, was identical with Niflheimr. Properly, Niflhel is the lowest level of Hel where the evil dead suffer torment, whereas Niflheimr is the primordeal realm of icy mist, yet some early manuscripts consistently confuse these two names.[10] "The confusion between Niflheim and Nifhel is summed up by variation in the manuscript of Snorri's [Prose] Edda. In describing the fate of the giant master builder of the wall around Asgard, two of the four main sources say Thor bashed the giant's head and sent him to Niflheim, and the other two say Thor sent him to Niflhel."[11] The primordeal Niflheimr and the punishing Niflhel are 'equally dreadful' places, possibly identical.[12] Yet, Hel and Niflhel may remain distinct. Modern systems From south to north The list of the nine homeworlds can arrange to form a continuum, with Niflheimr in the extreme north and Muspellheimr in the extreme south. The other seven form gradations in between, with the human homeworld in the center. The following nomenclature refers to the Old Norse names for the families of beings. South 1. Muspellsheimr: World of Muspell (fire, in the south) 2. Alfheimr: World of the Ljósálfr ('light elf') 3. Vanaheimr: World of the Vanir 4. Goðheimr: World of the Æsir 5. Manheimr: World of the Maðr ('human') 6. Jǫtunheimr: World of the Jǫtunn ('giant') 7. Svartálfaheimr: World of the Svartálfar ('dark elves', aka Dvergar 'dwarves') 8. Helheimr: World of Hel (the realm of the dead) 9. Niflheimr: World of Nifl (arctic 'mist' and ice, in the north) North Three levels of three homeworlds each The modern Norse religion, Asatru, strives to systemize evidence from the Norse texts, and may list the nine worlds as follows.[13] But this system too has difficulties: The three worlds above the earth, in heaven: 1. Múspellsheimr (Muspelheim or Muspell) 2. Álfheimr (Alfheim) 3. Ásgarðr (Asgard) The three worlds on earth: 4. Vanaheimr (Vanaheim) 5. Miðgarðr (Midgard) 6. Jötunheimr (Jotunheim) The three worlds below the earth, in underworld: 7. Svartálfaheimr (Svartalfheim) 8. Niflhel (Hel) 9. Niflheimr (Niflheim) Notes ^ Hilda R. Ellis Davidson, Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Cletic Religions, 1988:171. ^ Davidson 1964:27 ^ Davidson 1964:28. ^ Geir T. Zoega, 'heimr', 'heima' in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, 1910. ^ Andy Orchard, "Black Elves" in Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend, Cassell, 1997. ^ Davidson 1988:172. ^ Lars Magnar Enoksen: Norrøne guder og myter (2008) ^ Rudolf Simek: Dictionary of Northern Mythology (1993) ^ Davidson 1964:32. ^ Orchard, "Niflheim". ^ Lindow, John. Handbook of Norse mythology. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-217-7) 2001:241. ^ Orchard, "Niflheim". ^ Anderson, Rasmus B., trans., Prose Edda, 1897: notes chap. 7. References Davidson, HR Ellis (1964), "Gods and Myths of Northern Europe", Penguin Books Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат? 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A jötunn (anglicized jotunn or jotun; …   Wikipedia Poetic Edda, The — (Elder Edda) (ca. 1280)    The Poetic Edda is a collection of some 38 anonymous poems in Old Norse, drawn together in late 13th century Iceland into a single manuscript, called the Codex Regius, the most famous manuscript in Old Norse. A second… …   Encyclopedia of medieval literature 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”