Conservative Revolutionary movement

The Conservative Revolutionary movement was a German national conservative movement, prominent in the years following the First World War. The Conservative Revolutionary school of thought advocated a "new" conservatism and nationalism that was specifically German, or Prussian in particular. Like other conservative movements in the same period, they sought to put a stop to the rising tide of democracy and communism, partially they advocated their own brand of "conservative socialism".

History

The Conservative Revolutionaries based their ideas on organic rather than materialistic thinking, on quality instead of quantity, and on Volksgemeinschaft ("folk-community") rather than class conflict and ochlocracy. These writers produced a profusion of radical nationalistic literature that consisted of war diaries, combat fictional works, political journalism, manifestos, and philosophical treatises outlining their ideas for the transformation of German cultural and political life. Outraged by liberalism and egalitarianism, and rejecting the commercial culture of industrial and urban civilization, they advocated the destruction of the liberal order, by revolutionary means if necessary, in order to make way for the establishment of a new order, founded on conservative principles. The movement had a wide influence among many of Germany’s most gifted youth, universities, and middle classes.

The term "Conservative Revolution" predates the First World War, but the writer Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the political theorist Edgar Julius Jung were instrumental in making this term an established concept of the Weimar period. Thomas Mann used the term to describe Friedrich Nietzsche, whose philosophy greatly influenced many of the thinkers associated with the movement.^[1]

Arthur Moeller van den Bruck was (initially) the dominant figure of the conservative revolution in the Weimar republic^[2]. Rejecting reactionary conservatism, he proposed a new state, a 'Third Reich' which would unite all classes under authoritarian rule^[3] based on a combination of the nationalism of the right and the socialism of the left^[4]. Jung promoted a fascist version of Conservative Revolution from the 1920s to the 1930s, which like fascism: spoke of nations as being singular organic entities; attacked individualism while promoting militarism and war; promoted "total mobilization" of human and industrial resources; and promoting the productive power of modernity, similar to the futurism espoused by Italian Fascism.^[5] While Carl Schmitt promoted anti-Semitic views, he claimed that he held no fondness towards the National Socialism of Adolf Hitler which he considered to be too vulgar.^[6]. Hermann Rauschning was typical of the Conservative Revolutionaries^[7]. For Rauschning the Conservative Revolution “meant the prewar monarchic-Christian revolt against modernity that made a devil’s pact with Hitler during the Weimar period”^[8].

The Conservative Revolutionaries, many of whom were born in the last decade of the nineteenth century, were all basically formed by their experiences of the First World War. The war and the German Revolution was for them a clean break from the past, which left them greatly disillusioned. First, the experience of the horrors of trench warfare, the filth, the hunger, the negation of heroism to a man’s effort to stay alive on the battlefield and the random death led to many recognizing that there was no meaning to this war, or to life itself. They also had to contend with the Dolchstoßlegende ("stab-in-the-back legend") of the end of the war. Second, in this Kriegserlebnis, they sought to re-establish the Frontgemeinschaft (the frontline camaraderie) that defined their existence on the warfront. They felt that they were "like a puppet which has to dance for the demonic entertainment of evil spirits". Some were attracted to nihilist ideas. In their Froschperspektive writings, they sought to give their experience meaning.

The Conservative Revolutionararies held an ambivalent view of the Nazis^[9]. After 1933 some of the proponents of the conservative revolutionary movement were persecuted by the Nazis, most notably by the SS of Heinrich Himmler, who wanted to prevent reactionaries from opposing or deviating from the Hitler regime in this early time. Jung would lose his life in the 'Night of the Long Knives' and this would for many Conservative Revolutionaries end the alliance between them and the Nazis^[10]. Rauschning came "to the bitter conclusion that the Nazi regime represented anything other than the longed-for German revolution" and his position was "generally typically of the majority" of Conservative Revolutionaries^[11].

Some conservative revolutionary movement members went into anonymity, some arranged themselves within the new regime and became NSDAP members. Rauschning defected to the West and wrote against the Nazi regime. Others, like Claus von Stauffenberg, remained inside the Reichswehr and later Wehrmacht, to silently conspire in the 20 July plot of 1944. The historian Fritz Stern stated that it was "a tribute to the genuine spiritual quality of the conservative revolution that the reality of the Third Reich aroused many of them to opposition, sometimes silent, often open and costly"^[12].

Notable members

• Gottfried Benn
• Hans Freyer
• Stefan George
• Martin Heidegger
• Hugo von Hofmannsthal
• Edgar Julius Jung, a prominent leader in the movement, killed by the Nazis in the infamous Night of the Long Knives.
• Ernst Jünger
• Ludwig Klages
• Thomas Mann, distanced himself from the movement during the 1920s
• Arthur Moeller van den Bruck
• Ernst Niekisch
• Hermann Rauschning, defected from Nazi Germany and wrote against the Nazis
• Carl Schmitt
• Ernst von Salomon
• Othmar Spann
• Werner Sombart
• Oswald Spengler

Bibliography

• Travers, Martin (2001). Critics of Modernity: The Literature of the Conservative Revolution in Germany, 1890-1933. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-82044-927-X. 
• Herf, Jeffrey (2002). Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (reprint edition ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52133-833-6. 
• Stern, Fritz (1974). The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (New Ed edition ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0-52002-626-8. 
• Woods, Roger (1996). The Conservative Revolution in the Weimar Republic. St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-33365-014-X. 

See also

• Non-Conformist Movement

References

• The Conservative Revolution in the Weimar Republic, pg 29.

1. ^ Thomas Mann: Große kommentierte Frankfurter Ausgabe, Frankfurt 2002, Band 15, S. 341.
2. ^ Stern,Fritz Richard The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology University of California Press reprint edition (1974) p 296
3. ^ Burleigh, Michael The Third Reich: a new history Pan MacMillan (2001) p75
4. ^ Redles, David Nazi End Times; The Third Reich as a Millennial Reich in Kinane,Karolyn & Ryan, Michael A. (eds) End of days: essays on the apocalypse from antiquity to modernity McFarland and Co (2009) p176
5. ^ Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" - by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 109.
6. ^ Griffen, Roger (ed). 1995. "The Legal Basis of the Total State" - by Carl Schmitt. Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 108.
7. ^ Stern,Fritz Richard The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology University of California Press reprint edition (1974)note to p297
8. ^ By Neaman, Elliot Yale A dubious past: Ernst Jünger and the politics of literature after Nazism University of California Press (1999) p71
9. ^ Bullivant, Keith The Conservative Revolution in Phelan, Anthony (ed) The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic Manchester University press (1985) p66
10. ^ Bullivant, Keith The Conservative Revolution in Phelan, Anthony (ed) The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic Manchester University press (1985) p66
11. ^ Bullivant, Keith The Conservative Revolution in Phelan, Anthony (ed) The Weimar dilemma: intellectuals in the Weimar Republic Manchester University press (1985) p66
12. ^ Stern,Fritz Richard The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology University of California Press reprint edition (1974) p 296