Joseph Bailly

Joseph Bailly (7 April 1774 – 21 December 1835) was a fur trader and a member of an important French Canadian family that included his uncle, Charles-François Bailly de Messein.

Bailly was one of several Canadians from prominent families who were important in the western fur trade. In 1822, he established a trading post near present-day Porter, Indiana, making him the foremost pioneer of that area.

Early history & ancestors

Joseph Bailly was an early fur trader on the Great Lakes. He and his children had significant influence as the region transitioned from English colonialism to frontier expansion of the United States. He was born Honore Gratien Joseph Bailly de Messein on 7 April 1774 in Verchères, Quebec; a village which originated with a land grant to his great-great grandfather Francois Xavier Jarret, Sieur de Vercheres in 1672. [Howe, Frances Rose 1851-1817, The Story Of A French Homestead In The Old Northwest, James Dowd Publishers - Bowie, Maryland 1907 / repub. Heritage Books 1999. ] It is located convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on up the Saint Lawrence River from Montreal, on the opposite bank. Bailly was a sixth generation French-Canadian, descending from Jehan Terriault and Perrine Brault, who were original colonists in Acadia in 1637. Bailly's great-grandfather Nicholas Antoine Coulon, Seiur de Villiers was a trader and Army officer who was killed by Fox Indians on the shore of Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1733. His uncle, Father Charles-Francois Bailly de Messein spent more than twenty years as a Catholic missionary to the Mi'kmaq Indians of Nova Scotia, and was appointed coadjutor Bishop of Quebec in 1788. Following the family interest in the fur trade, Joseph Bailly received an advanced education in Montreal, and served a clerkship with the North West Company. In 1792, at the age of 18, he finished his education, and entered the fur trade at Michilimackinac. Although from a prominent family, they had little money. His father died in '95, and Joseph became the main support of his mother, younger brother and sister for several years. [Joseph Bailly, Trader of Lake Michigan; Chris Light; Fifth Annual George Rogers Clark Trans Appalachian Frontier History Conference; October 3, 1987, Vincennes University, Vincennes, Indiana,]

Fur trader

In the winter of 1792-93, Bailly entered into extensive fur trading with Ottawa Indian Tribe villages in central Michigan. From 1793 to 1810, his winter residence was a trading post located near an Ottawa village at the foot of the Maple River Rapids, in Lebanon Township, Clinton County. Bailly owned additional trading posts from 1793 to 1822 on Lake Muskego, Muskegon River, Michigan (now Muskegon, Michigan); from 1793 to 1810 in Chig-au-mish-kene village on Grand River (now Lyons, Michigan), from 1807 to 1815, in Parc aux Vaches village on St. Joseph River, (south of present day Niles, Michigan); from 1807 - 1828 on the Calumet River, Indiana; and from 1807 - 1828 on the Kankakee River, Illinois.

First marriage and expansion of the business

Joseph married Angelique McGulpin (Bead-Way-Way or Mecopemequa) in 1794 in Maketoquit's village at the foot of Maple River rapids, Michigan. Angelique was born about 1780 in Chig-au-mish-kene village on Grand River, Michigan. She was a daughter of Maketoquit (Black Cloud), the chief of a large band of Grand River Ottawa. He located his main village in what became Essex Township of Shiawassee County, on the south side of the Maple River, but the band used a winter camp in Lebanon Township of Clinton County (now the village of Maple Rapids) for gathering maple sugar. Children of the marriage were Francis Bailly, born in 1795; Alexis Bailly; born in 1798; and Sophia Bailly, in 1807. The marriage ended in divorce. Francis remained with Maketoquit's band and Alexis was sent to boarding school in Montreal. Sophia was adopted by a close friend of both parents, fur trader Marie LaFramboise; who summered on Mackinac Island and wintered on Grand River (now Lowell, Michigan).

econd marriage and beginning of a trade empire

Joseph Bailly entered into a financial partnership with Dominic Rousseau of Montreal which dominated the fur trade on the upper Great Lakes out of Mackinac Island and challenged the giant North West Company. Rousseau and Bailly maintained large warehouses on Mackinac and in Montreal; trading in numerous locations with several fleets of voyageurs.

Joseph married Marie Lefevre de La Vigne (Mo-nee or Tou-se-qua) in 1810. She was born in 1783 in Ma-con, a large mixed-band Indian village on the Raisin River west of present Monroe, Michigan. Her mother was a Potawatomi of the St. Joseph Band (now known as the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians). Marie married Kougowma (or Kiogima), also called La Vigne, a medicine man in the Mackinac band of Ottawa, who took her to Mackinac Island. Kougowma died between 1804 and 1809. Bailly adopted the two daughters from this marriage, Agatha born in 1797 and Therese, born in 1803. Five more children were born of this second marriage, who were Esther in 1811, Rose in 1813, Eleanor in 1815, Robert in 1817 and Hortense in 1819.

Third marriage Theory

Joseph's marriage to Angelique McGulpin, born circa 1790 [Ottawas and Chippewas of Michigan, Treaty of March 28, 1836, Transxribed and comiled by Larry M. Wyckoff, ref #412] at Mackinac is usually considered to the his first marriage.The marriage is confirmed through Mackinac County marriage records [MCGULPIN,ANGELIQUE - MCGULPIN,BAILLY,JOSEPH - BAILLY,MACKINAC,--,,00 XXX 1797] for Mackinac. These records imply that this was not a marriage of an Indian to a Frenchman, but of a mixed-blood to a Frenchman, since marriages with Indians were not recorded. Research also shows that Angelique was the daughter of Patrick McGulpin, a Scottish trader at Mackinac, and not the daughter of an native. Only their daughter, Sophie is confirmed through baptismal records [Sophie Bailly, born Mar. 1807 of Joseph Billy and Angelique McGulpin baptised on Aug. 9,1821, godfather was Eloy Bourassa and godmother was Marie, Judith Bourassa.] at Mackinac to be the child of Angelique and Joseph. She was born early in 1807. Their son Francois would remain among his mothers people the Ottawa as a Medicine Man.

The information stated above as the background of Angelique is ascribed to several researchers [Joseph Bailly, Trader of Lake Michigan; Chris Light; Fifth Annual George Rogers Clark Trans Appalachian Frontier History Conference; October 3, 1987, Vincennes University, Vincennes, Indiana,] [Manuscript, unpublished, Rita Duncan, Indiana, 1999] to be Bailly's first wife. According to tradition fur traders would take native wives, who would be 'set-aside' when it was no longer convenient. Being an Indian woman, there probably was never a church marriage. Preliminary research into this first wife have identified her as an Ottawa Woman of the Grand River Ottawa, named Monee. [Manuscript, unpublished, Rita Duncan, Indiana, 1999] Without a sanctioned marriage, the church was willing to allow a new marriage, to Angelique McGulpin. The evidence for his marriage to Angelique comes from his "third" marriage in 1810. At that time, the church according to Josephs daughter, refused to allow a divorce from his 'first', i.e., 1st church; wife. Therefore, Joseph married Marie in a civil ceremony. [Joseph Bailly, Trader of Lake Michigan; Chris Light; Fifth Annual George Rogers Clark Trans Appalachian Frontier History Conference; October 3, 1987, Vincennes University, Vincennes, Indiana,]

Records show that his six children born from 1799 to 1803, were born in camps along the east of Lake Michigan. Angelique, would have been age 9 to 13. Since the youngest, Francois stayed in the Ottawa villages as a medicine man (doctor); it is unlikely that Angelique was the 'first wife'. Yet, most Indian wives were not considered wives. So the reference by Joseph's daughter, would most likely refer to a metis (mixed blood) or French wife, married in the Church. Therefore, it is concluded by some researchers that Joseph had three wives. [Joseph Bailly, Trader of Lake Michigan; Chris Light; Fifth Annual George Rogers Clark Trans Appalachian Frontier History Conference; October 3, 1987, Vincennes University, Vincennes, Indiana,]

Joseph's third wife was Marie LeFevre. She was born at Riviera des Raisins to LeFevre de Gascon and a French & Indian woman, about 1783. When her father died in 1790, the family was driven away from the Detroit area as half-breeds. They returned to her mothers Ottawa people at L'Abre Croche. Here, she was married to an Ottawa Medicine man named de la Vigne. After having two daughters, she left him because of his spirit worship. Having been raised in the Catholic Church, she sought to return. By 1810, she was at Mackinac, where she met Joseph Bailly. At this time, because of their common religious concerns, they were married in a civil ceremony. Their six children and Alexis, would become the living memory of the Bailly family

War of 1812

Bailly attempted to avoid involvement in the War of 1812, but found that he could not maintain neutrality. He was a Canadian citizen, and had a huge business headquartered in Montreal. Bailly was appointed a Lieutenant in the Michigan Fencibles, a regiment of Canadian militia, in January 1813. He was seized as a prisoner of war in January 1814, while visiting his post at Parc Aux Vaches (very near the site of today's campus of the University of Notre Dame), by United States militia. He was taken to Fort Detroit and held for two months until March. Bailly was on Mackinac Island when it was invaded by US forces in July, and was deported with the other Canadian Loyalists to Drummond Island, Canada (now Chippewa County, Michigan), though the Battle of Mackinac Island ended in the retreat of American forces. He sent his eight year old daughter Sophia to live with her adopted brother, trader Joseph LaFramboise in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; but the war theater soon expanded westward to that village.

Legal Case of Dominique Rousseau

In Montreal, a little known legal case first asserted American jurisdiction over the lands of northern Minnesota and the upper Great Lakes. It took place in the Court of King's Bench, Register of Common Pleas (District of Montreal), Superior Term, 1803 05. It seems an unlikely place for a case over the rights of the United States within its own territory to be played out.

Dominique Rousseau and Joseph Bailly were both traders from Montreal in the years prior to the American Revolution. Both were of French Canadian parents. In the summer of 1802, Rousseau and Bailly hired Paul Hervieux of Repetingy (Montreal) to act as bourgeois and take a canoe under an American license issued at Michilimackinac and to go to Grand Portage. Here they were to trade with the Indians and the canoemen of the other companies.

On July 10th or 12th they arrived in Grand Portage Bay. They were ready for trade by 8 AM the day after they arrived. They had three 'little' tents in a spot some 50 feet from the North West Company canoes and ten feet from the shore.

In testimony by Thomas Forsyth, Esquire a Montreal Trader with the XY Company and Maurice Blondeau a 'merchant voyageur' since 1752, the area had been cleared by a John Erskine (Askin) in the mid 1750's and there had been a 'free right to pitch their tents' in any open area although this area was normally occupied by the Northwest Company.

Shortly after they had set up camp, Duncan McGillivray and Simon McTavish appeared among their tents and ordered Rastoute, Hervieux's clerk, to move beyond the "little fort". This was the establishment of Mr. Boucher. Boucher ran a small trading post, of the Northwest Company, for the Canoemen. Rastoute apparently expecting this possibility produced a copy of the American issued trading license. McGillivray and McTavish replied to the effect that it was not valid at Grand Portage.

Later in the day, McGillivray and McLeod returned to the site of Hervieux's tents. With a group of bourgeois and clerks, McGillivray slashed at the trader’s tent and McLeod ordered the traders out. They pulled the stakes from the ground. Michel Robichaux, a voyageur of 25 years, heard McLeod threaten, "if (we were) at Rat Portage" I would break your neck. McLeod then opened a bale of trade goods and scattered it "to the breezes". McGillivray and McLeod then returned to the stockade.

Hervieux and his men move their camp beyond the 'little fort' of Boucher. Here they remained through the rendezvous. Upon their return to Mackinac, Bailly and Rousseau filed suit for recovery of damaged and lost goods in the courts of Montreal. "The Court having heard the parties by their Counsel and duly examined the evidence of Record ... It is Considered that the Plaintiffs do recover the sum of Five Hundred Pounds current money of this province, with costs of suit." Bailly and Rousseau won their case and established the precedence of American rule over these parts of the upper lakes. In the summer of 1804, the Northwest Company, under its British license moved its rendezvous from American soil at Grand Portage to Fort William in Thunder Bay, on British soil. [Nute, Grace Lee; "A British Legal Case and Old Grand Portage"; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Historical Society' Minnesota Historical Quarterly, Vol. 21; 1940, pg. 117]

The pioneer becomes a citizen

Joseph Bailly returned to Mackinac Island in 1817 to establish US citizenship, prior to re-entering the fur trading business. By 1820, he was the principal trader on the Calumet River of northern Indiana. In 1822, Bailly moved his young family there. His daughters Agatha and Sophia remained on Mackinac Island. Therese was in school in Montreal, but joined him later. They were the first family of European descent in northern Indiana, and their home became a popular and lively stop for travelers between Chicago and Detroit or Fort Wayne. The family was well-known for their refinement and graciousness. The extensive trading post that Bailly established hosted the Indian bands of the region, especially the Potawatomi. His trading influence extended westward to the Sac and Fox villages of Illinois. Bailly purchased over convert|2000|acre|km2|abbr=on of land, drafting plans for developing a commercial harbor, city and infrastructure at the mouth of the Calumet. The Bailly home was a center of the Catholic faith in northern Indiana, but Joseph also strongly supported the Baptist Carey Mission to the Indians. His wife and daughters also acquired extensive land holdings through treaty grants and skillful speculation. The town of Monee, Illinois in Will County, Illinois is named for Mrs. Bailly.

The next generation rises

Joseph Bailly was an exceptional father on the frontier of the midwest. He ensured that all of his children were highly educated, spoke multiple languages, and contributed to society.

Bailly's son Francis Bailly became a medical doctor, and a medicine man of the Grand River Ottawa band. Following the forfeiture of the Ottawa lands on Maple River, Francis, his cousin Maketoquit, and a sub-chief man named Wintagowish purchased the land containing their village on Maple River in an attempt to co-exist with the new inrush of settlers. When it became impossible, they agreed to resettle on a reservation at Elbridge, Oceana County, Michigan.

Alexis Bailly was a prominent pioneer fur trader to the Sioux bands in Minnesota, founding the town of Wabasha and the Wabasha County government; and serving in the Minnesota Legislature.

Daughter Sophia Graveraet and her husband lived on Mackinac, and traded with the Ottawa and Chippewa (Ojibwa) in the region of Grand Traverse Bay. She was the "Indian grandmother" in the tales from the books of Ottawa-Chippewa chronicler John Couchois Wright.

Daughter Agatha Biddle was a leader of the Mackinac Island community, and became chief of the Mackinac band of Ottawa Indians. Her home, which was in her family for several generations, is an historic feature operated by Mackinac Island State Park since 1959 which demonstrates life on the island from the early fur trade era.

Therese Nadeau died as a young mother, at the Bailly homestead in Indiana. Her sons, all traders, became leaders at the Prairie Band Potawatomi Indian Reservation, where the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians were sent, and pioneers of Shawnee County, Kansas.

Esther Whistler was in charge of the fledgling stages of Bailly's grand development called Baillytown, which ceased on her sudden death in 1842. Her trader husband and sons followed the relocation of the Sac and Fox tribe, and were pioneers of the towns of Burlington, Coffey County, Kansas and Stroud, Lincoln County, Oklahoma.

Rose Howe was the wife of an early Chicago banker and entrepreneur. Following his early death, she and her mother became active investors in Chicago's commercial development. From 1869 to 1874, Rose and her daughter extensively toured Catholic shrines of Europe and the Middle East.

Eleanor became Mother Mary Cecelia Bailly of the Sisters of Providence of St. Mary of the Woods, based in Terre Haute, Indiana. She was a protege of founder Théodore Guérin, and succeeded her a leader of the order. Her biography of Saint Mother Guerin, published posthumously, was part of the formal evidence supporting canonization in October 2006.

Robert Bailly died in childhood, while a student at Carey Mission.

Josephine Bailly married Chicago businessman and developer Joel T. Wicker, one of two brothers for whom the Wicker Park and Wicker Park neighborhood is named. One of his many projects was to clear the lands acquired by Joseph Bailly, subdividing them and selling farmsteads to pioneering families of modest means. She also died as a young mother.

Bailly's death and legacy

Joseph Bailly died of illness on 21 December 1835 in his home in Porter County, Indiana; and was buried in the family cemetery nearby. The trading post, family home and cemetery remained in the family through three generations, until after 1918. They became focal historic features of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in 1966; and are currently in use demonstrating everyday life and culture before the settlement of Indiana by people of European origin. Nearby Chellberg Farm, part of the original Joseph Bailly land holdings which was purchased from Joel Wicker by a Swedish immigrant family from Chicago, showcases life from the subsequent pioneer period. The Joseph Bailly Homestead became a National Historic Landmark in 1962. It was included in the new Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in 1966. [Cultural Sites Of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, National Park Service, 2006]

Joseph Bailly is the subject of two published semi-fictional biographies, "The Story Of A French Homestead In The Old Northwest," by Frances Howe, James Dowd Publishers - Bowie, Maryland 1907 / repub. Heritage Books 1999; and "Wolves Against The Moon," by Julia Cooley Alttrocchi, MacMillan Company, New York 1940 / repub. Black Letter Pres, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1994; and several pamphlets and papers.

Research continues

In 2005, teams under the direction of Valparaiso University professor Randa Duvick began translating Joseph Bailly's 1799-1802 fur trade business account book from the original French language. As an important historic resource, Duvick has compared the translation to an archaeological dig, revealing rarely discovered intricate detail about everyday life over the large areas of Michigan, Indiana and Illinois that Bailly covered in his trade.

ources

#Olga Mae Schiemann, From A Bailly Point of View, An introduction to the first pioneer family of northwestern Indiana, Chicago, Illinois, 1952. Issued as a Duneland Historical Society Publication, August 1955.,
#Howe, Frances Rose 1851-1817, The Story Of A French Homestead In The Old Northwest, James Dowd Publishers - Bowie, Maryland 1907 / repub. Heritage Books 1999.
#Altrocchi, Julia Cooley, Wolves Against The Moon, MacMillan Company, New York 1940.
#David R. Frederick from National Park Service Research Records and Press Releases, Bailly Cemetery - Porter County, Indiana - Enumeration, not published - compiled and reported to Porter County, Indiana Genweb 20 November 2002.
# [http://ncha.neats.net/data/the_Muskegon_River/ A.L. Spooner, Muskegon River Trading Posts]
#From: R D Winthrop e-mail: [e-mail]: R D Winthrop [e-mail], Re: Nishnawbe Roll call : Lamarandier, [e-mail].
# [http://www.mrwcreative.com/historical/pages/first.html The Society (newsletter), Ionia County Historical Society, Ionia, Michigan]
# [http://www3.sympatico.ca/sneakers/abbottlist.htm Samuel Abbott, Justice of the Peace, Michigan Voyageurs from the Notary Book of Samuel Abbott, Mackinac Island, 1807-1817]
# [http://www/glorerecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch/ Electronic Land Patent Images, BLM-GLO Records - US Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC]
# [http://search.ancestry.com/db-lhbum5298g/P1135.aspx."2 Michigan Historical Society - Lansing, Michigan, Collections and Researches Made By The Michigan Pioneer Historical Society - Vol. 16]
# [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/in/state/porter_co/westchester_township.htm H. Butler, Commandant, U.S. Army Travel Pass for Joseph Bailly - War of 1812]
#R. David Edmunds, The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. .Sources Cited: 1. Anthony Butler to the Secretary of War, January 23, 1814, Potawatomi file, Great Lakes Indian Archives 2. John Whistler to McArthur, July 1, 1814, Potawatomi file, Great Lakes Indian Archives 3. Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. X, page 112 and Vol. XIX, pages 159-60.".
#US Census Bureau, 1820 Federal Census of Indiana, [http://www.rootsweb.com/~inripchs/1820/b-names.html Index only........Bailey, Joseph]
# [http://members.tripod.com/~tired/1820brow.html US Census Bureau, 1820 Federal Census for Michigan]
# [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbum:@field(DOCID+@lit(lhbum7689adiv177)) State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Volume 11LIST OF TRADERS]
# [http://www.ci.valpairaiso.in.us/CityHistory/city-history.htm City of Valparaiso, History of Valparaiso, Porter County, Indiana]
#Howe, Frances Rose 1851-1817, The Story Of A French Homestead In The Old Northwest.
#Chicago Democrat newspaper, Chicago, Illinois.
# [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoriceplaces.com?IN/Porter/districts.html National Register of Historic Places - Indiana, Porter County]
# [http://www.nps.gov/indu/History/bailly.htm National Park Service staff, National Park Service - Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore - Bailly Homestead]
#St. Joseph Co., Indiana, U. S. Census 1830, Washington DC: National Archives micropublication M19-26, page 417, Joseph Bailly household."Joseph Bailly, 1M 50-60."
#US Bureau of Indian Affairs, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Treaty of Camp Tippecanoe, Indiana with the Potowatomie - October 20, 1832, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Volume II (Treaties) - Government Printing Office, Washington, 1904, 7 Stat. 378, Proclamation Jan 21, 1833.
#George B. Porter, Thomas J.V. Owen and William Weatherford, Commissioners, Treaty With The Chippewa, Etc., 1833, Indian Affairs - Laws and Treaties - Vol. II (Treaties); compiled by Charles J. Kappler, Washington 1904, Schedule A (Kappler page 406), 26 Sep 1833, Parmly Billings Library, 510 N. Broadway, Billings Montana 59101, 70 3285 572 UR.
# [http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/il/cook/obits/n/names28nob.txt File contributed by Deb Haines, Directory City of Chicago. 1896. - OBITUARY]
#Martha Miller, Joseph Bailly, Dunes Settler, Shirley Heinze Land Trust - Publications -- 444 Barker Road - Michigan City, IN 46360. Joseph Bailly, Dunes Settler By Martha Miller, Illustrated by Joyce Keane and Dale Fleming, revised edition 1987, paperback, 22 pages.
#United States. Office of Indian Affairs, Census Register of all the Men, Women and Children within the 6th Article of the Treaty made with the Ottawa and Chippewa, Washington DC: National Archives publication: RG no. 75, List no. 412.Copies from microfilm at Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan.
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# [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0092.htm William Hull, Governor of the State of Michigan and Thirty Chiefs of the Tribes, Treaty With The Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potowatomi - 1808]
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# [http://chestertontribune.com/Local%20Hist Costello, Joan and Canright, Betty, The Bailly Women - presented to the Duneland Historical Society at the Chesterton Library Service Center on 21 Feb 2002, Duneland Historical Society]
# [http://wwww.in.gov./icpr/archives/databases/land/Indian_l.html Grants and titles recorded at the Indiana State Land Office, Indian Reserve Lands of Indiana]
#US Bureau of Indian Affairs, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Treaty of Camp Tippecanoe, Indiana with the Potowatomie - October 20, 1832.
#US Bureau of Indian Affairs, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Treaty of the Tippecanoe River, Indiana with the Potowatomie - October 27, 1832, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Volume II (Treaties) - Government Printing Office, Washington, 1904, 7 Stat. 399, Proclamation Jan 21, 1833.
# [http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s1989jun Richard C. Schmal, Pioneer History - Early Mail Routes]
# [http://www.moneechamber.com/history.html Monee Chamber of Commerce, History of Monee, Will County, Illinois]
# [http://www.villageofmonee.org/history.htm Government of the incorporated Village of Monee, Illinois, A Rich Past - History of Monee]
# [http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s1989nov.htm Richard C. Schmal, Pioneer History - Early Lake County Travels: (from the Nov. 29, 1989, Lowell Tribune, page 8)]
#Wright, John Couchois, Chicago-Jig: The Authentic Indian Tradition of the Happy Hunting Ground-, Handwritten edition, on thin sheets of cedar bound with leather thongs, presented to Michigan Governor Fred W. Green, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859.
# [http://www.valpo.edu/urel/speakers/topicslist.php Valparaiso University Speakers Bureau, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383-6493] and Dr. Randa Duvick - Professor, foreign languages and literatures

ee also

*French language
*Fort Mackinac
*Fort Michilimackinac
*Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
*Michilimackinac
*Straits of Mackinac

External links

* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2743 Biography at "the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"]
* [http://macbands.blogspot.com/ " 12 Mackinac Bands research & enrollment"]