- Zhao Erfeng
-
Zhao Erfeng Zhao Erfeng Amban In office
1908–1911Personal details Born 1845 Died 1911
SichuanNationality Han chinese Bannerman Military service Allegiance 
Qing dynastyUnit Eight Banners Battles/wars 1905 Tibetan Rebellion, 1911 Tibetan Rebellion, Xinhai Revolution Zhao Erfeng Traditional Chinese 趙爾豊 Simplified Chinese 趙爾豊 Transcriptions Zhao Erfeng (趙爾豊; 1845 – 1911; style name: 季和) was a Qing official and Chinese bannerman, who belonged to the Plain Blue Banner. He is known for being the last amban in Tibet, appointed in March, 1908. Lien Yu , a Manchu, was appointed as the other amban. Formerly Director-General of the Sichuan - Hubei Railway and acting viceroy of Sichuan province, he was the much maligned Chinese general of the late imperial era who led military campaigns throughout Kham (eastern Tibet) and eventually reaching Lhasa in 1910, thus earning himself the nickname "Zhao the Butcher".[1]
Zhao Erfeng crushed the Tibetan Lamas and their monasteries in the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion in Yunnan and Sichuan, crushing the Lamas at the seige of Chantreng which lasted from 1905 to 1906. The Tibetan Lamas had revolted against Qing rule, killing Chinese officials and western Catholic Christian missionaries and native Christian converts, since the Tibetan Buddhist Gelug Yellow Hat sect was jealous of the Christian missionary success.
Zhao Erfeng extended Chinese rule into Eastern Tibet (Kham), and was appointed Amban in 1908 - the last man to hold that position. Initially he worked with the Dalai Lama, who had returned after fleeing from Britain's invasion of 1903-1904.[2] But in 1909, they disagreed strongly and Zhao Erfeng drove the Dalai Lama ino exile. A former Tibetan Khampa soldier named Aten recounted Tibetan memories of Zhao, calling him "Butcher Feng", claiming that he: razed Batang monastery, ordered holy texts to be used by troops as shoeliners, and mass murdered Tibetans.[3]
The Dalai Lama was installed at the palace and monastery of Polasta [sic] amid popular demonstrations. The ruler, who was again given civil power at the head of their hierarchy, pardoned all the Tibetans who had given the oath to Colonel Younghusband, and all went well for a month, when the lama protested to the Chinese in charge of military affairs because of the excesses of the Chinese troops on the Sze Chuen frontier, where they were sacking the monasteries and killing the monks. This protest served to stir up the whole question of the status of Tibet. The amban declared that it was a Chinese province, and said he would deal with the rebels as it pleased him to do. Other questions of authority arose, and finally the amban ordered to L'hasa 500 Chinese troops who were encamped on the outskirts of the capital. A few companies composed of the dalai lama's followers were hastily enrolled under the name of 'golden soldiers'. They opposed the Chinese soldiers, but, being indifferently armed, were shot down with much bloodshed. Meanwhile the dalai lama, with three of his ministers and sixty retainers, fled through a gate at the rear of the palace enclosure, and were fired upon as they escaped through the city.[4]
- In January 1908 the final instalment of the Tibetan indemnity was paid to Great Britain, and the Chumbi valley was evacuated. The Dalai Lama was now summoned to Peking, where he obtained the imperial authority to resume his administration in place of the provisional governors appointed as a result of the British mission. He retained in office the high officials then appointed, and pardoned all Tibetans who had assisted the mission. But in 1909 Chinese troops were sent to operate on the Sze-ch`uen frontier against certain insurgent lamas, whom they handled severely. When the Dalai Lama attempted to give orders that they should cease, the Chinese amban in Lhasa disputed his authority, and summoned the Chinese troops to enter the city. They did so, and the Dalai Lama fled to India in February 1910, staying at Darjeeling. Chinese troops followed him to the frontier, and he was deposed by imperial decree. [5]
In 1911, Zhao Erfeng faced rebellion in Sichuan. According to Han Suyin, the main issue was control of a planned railway that would have linked Sichuan to the rest of China.[6] He summoned troops from Wuchang, leading rebels there to see it as an opportunity to rebel.[7] This was the background to the Wuchang Uprising, the official start of the Chinese Revolution of 1911. After battling the rebels on 22 December 1911 he was captured and beheaded after slow slicing by Chinese Republican Revolutionary forces who were intent on overthrowing the Qing dynasty.[8][9]
Zhao Erfeng was the younger brother of Zhao Erxun, who was also an important official in the last days of the Qing Empire.
References
This article incorporates text from China revolutionized, by John Stuart Thomson, a publication from 1913 now in the public domain in the United States.
- ^ Claude Arpi The Fate of Tibet (Har-Anand Publications)
- ^ John Stuart Thomson (1913). China revolutionized. INDIANAPOLIS: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 70. OCLC 411755. http://books.google.com/books?id=OPUTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q=chao%20ehr%20feng%20tibet%20drove%20dalai%20lama%20out%20india%20campaign&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ Jamyang Norbu (1986). Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country. Wisdom Publications. p. 28. ISBN 0861710509. http://books.google.com/books?id=epuSaZhmklAC&pg=RA1-PA46&dq=The+soldiers+were+the+fierce+Hui+Hui,+or+Chinese+Muslim+horsemen+(formerly+soldiers+of+the+warlord,+Ma+Pu+Fang),+and+were+mounted+on+the+sleek,+powerful+horses+from+the+grasslands+of+Sining.+I+lay+there+in+the+gully+drowsing+fitfully&hl=en&ei=4S3nTbKrIYmugQeBqrH8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chao%20er%20feng&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-1.
- ^ From The Galveston Daily News, February 7th 1910, part of a newspaper archive.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (1911 edition)
- ^ John Stuart Thomson (1913). China revolutionized. INDIANAPOLIS: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 436. OCLC 411755. http://books.google.com/books?id=OPUTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA411#v=snippet&q=chao%20ehr%20feng%20tibet%20%20against%20the%20republicans&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ John Stuart Thomson (1913). China revolutionized. INDIANAPOLIS: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 317. OCLC 411755. http://books.google.com/books?id=OPUTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA411#v=snippet&q=chao%20ehr%20feng%20tibet%201910%20cooped&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ The Crippled Tree, by Han Suyin. She used the old-style version of his name, Chao Erfeng.
- ^ John Stuart Thomson (1913). China revolutionized. INDIANAPOLIS: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 35. OCLC 411755. http://books.google.com/books?id=OPUTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA411#v=snippet&q=chao%20decapitated&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- Adshead, Samuel Adrian M. Province and politics in late imperial China : viceregal government in Szechwan, 1898-1911. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies monograph series. no. 50. London: Curzon Press, 1984.
- Ho, Dahpon David. "The Men Who Would Not Be Amban and the One Who Would: Four Frontline Officials and Qing Tibet Policy, 1905-1911." Modern China 34, no. 2 (2008): 210-46.
Categories:- 1845 births
- History of Tibet
- Qing Dynasty politicians
- 1911 deaths
- Assassinated Chinese people
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