Climatic Research Unit

The Hubert Lamb Building, University of East Anglia, where the Climatic Research Unit is based

The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change.^[1]

With a staff of some thirty research scientists and students, the CRU has contributed to the development of a number of the data sets widely used in climate research, including one of the global temperature records used to monitor the state of the climate system,^[2][3] as well as statistical software packages and climate models.^[4]

History

The CRU was founded in 1971 as part of the university's School of Environmental Sciences. The establishment of the Unit owed much to the support of Sir Graham Sutton, a former Director-General of the Meteorological Office, Lord Solly Zuckerman, an adviser to the University, and Professors Keith Clayton and Brian Funnel, Deans of the School of Environmental Sciences in 1971 and 1972.^[5][6] Initial sponsors included British Petroleum, the Nuffield Foundation and Royal Dutch Shell.^[6] The Rockefeller Foundation was another early benefactor, and the Wolfson Foundation gave the Unit its current building in 1986.^[5] Since the second half of the 1970s the Unit has also received funding through a series of contracts with the United States Department of Energy to support the work of those involved in climate reconstruction and analysis of the effects on climate of greenhouse gas emissions.^[7]

The first director of the unit was Professor Hubert Lamb.^[6] He had led research into climatic variation at the Met Office and was chair of the UN's World Meteorological Organisation, which already studied climate trends and the effect of pollution upon them.^[6] He was then known as the "ice man" for his prediction of global cooling and a coming ice age but, following the UK's exceptionally hot summer of 1976, he switched to predicting a more imminent global warming.^[6] The possibility of major weather changes and flooding attracted attention to the unit and sponsorship by major insurance companies wanting to mitigate their potential losses.^[6] Prior to the Unit's establishment, it had widely been believed by the meteorological establishment that the climate was essentially constant and unvarying.^[8] Lamb and others in the climatological community had for years argued that the climate system was in fact highly variable on timescales of decades to centuries and longer. The establishment of the CRU enabled Lamb and his colleagues to focus on this issue and eventually to win the argument decisively.^[5]

Hubert Lamb retired in 1978. His successors were Tom Wigley (1978–93), Trevor Davies (1993–1998), Jean Palutikof and Phil Jones (jointly 1998-2004), and Phil Jones (2004–present), with Peter Liss as acting director during investigations between December 2009 and July 2010.^[9][10] In 1984, the unit moved to a new cylindrical building designed by Rick Mather.^[11] In 2006, this was named the Hubert Lamb Building in honour of the first director.^[12]

Activities

At the time of its establishment the CRU set out four key aims, which still remain valid:

• To establish firmer knowledge of the history of climate in the recent and distant past.
• To monitor and report on current climatic developments on a global scale.
• To identify the processes (natural and man-made) at work in climatic fluctuations and the characteristic timescales of their evolution.
• To investigate the possibilities of making advisory statements about future trends of weather and climate from a season to many years ahead, based on acceptable scientific methods and in a form likely to be useful for long-term planning purposes.^[13]

One of the CRU's most significant products is the global near-surface temperature record compiled in conjunction with the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. First compiled in the early 1980s, the record documents global temperature fluctuations since the 1850s. The CRU compiles the land component of the record and the Hadley Centre provides the marine component. The merged record is used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in all its publications.^[7] It is also involved in a study of Eurasian climate over the last 10,000 years based upon tree ring data and a study of European climate in the last 200 years based upon temperature records.^[14] It is a participant in MEDALUS — the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use project.^[14] The ultimate custodians of the raw data are the national meteorological services that originated the data; CRU retains most but not all of the raw data, which continues to be held by the originating services.^[15]

It published a quarterly journal, Climate Monitor.^[14] This ceased publication in 1998, being replaced by an online version, Climate Monitor Online.^[16]

The CRU collates data from many sources around the world. Its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature in 2009 that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from national meteorological services that made money from selling the data. It was not free to share that data without the permission of its owners because of confidentiality agreements, including with institutions in Spain, Germany, Bahrain and Norway, that restricted the data to academic use. In some cases the agreements were made orally, and some of the written agreements had been lost during a move. Despite this, the CRU has been the focus of attention by climate change sceptics who have made numerous requests under the Freedom of Information Act for data used by the unit's scientists. Nature reported that in the course of five days in July 2009 the CRU had been "inundated" with 58 FOI requests from Stephen McIntyre and people affiliated with his blog Climate Audit requesting access to raw climate data or information about their use.^[17]

E-mail controversy

Main article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy

In November 2009, hackers gained access to a server used by the CRU and stole a large quantity of data, anonymously posting online more than 1,000 emails and more than 2,000 other documents.^[18][19] Some climate change sceptics and bloggers asserted that a number of the leaked e-mails contain evidence that scientists had conspired to manipulate data^[20][21] and to keep scientists who have contrary views out of peer-review literature.^[22][23] The controversy was also known as "Climategate".^[24][25] All these accusations were denied by CRU spokepersons, and the CRU's researchers stated that the e-mails had been taken out of context and merely reflect an honest exchange of ideas.^[26][27]

Six committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.^[28] The Muir Russell report, however, stated, "We do find that there has been a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness, both on the part of CRU scientists and on the part of the UEA."^[29][30] The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations.^[31]

See also

• HadCRUT
• EdGCM
• NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
• NCAR Community Climate System Model
• NOAA GFDL CM2.X
• Earth Simulator

References

1. ^ Brown, Craig (8 February 2005). "The forecast for Scotland: wet, wet, wet". The Scotsman. http://news.scotsman.com/weather/The-forecast-for-Scotland-wet.2601547.jp. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
2. ^ http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/about/
3. ^ "Global temperature 2008: Another top-ten year". Met Office. 2008-01-03. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/2008/pr20080103.html. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
4. ^ "About the Climatic Research Unit". http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/about/. Retrieved 2008-05-05. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} Lamb, H.H.; Clayton, K.M.; Wigley, T.M.L. (1997). "The Climatic Research Unit at Twenty-five Years". Climates of the British Isles: present, past and future. Routledge. p. xxvii-xxix. ISBN 9780415130165. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZVVkhW8wL8C&pg=PR27. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Michael Sanderson (2002), The history of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, p. 285, ISBN 9781852853365, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50HjSi5o8J0C&pg=PA285 
7. ^ ^{a b} Hulme & Barrow (1997), p. xxviii
8. ^ Maunder, W.J. (1986). The uncertainty business: risks and opportunities in weather and climate. Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 9780416361001. 
9. ^ "History of the Climatic Research Unit". Climatic Research Unit. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080627194858/http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/about/history/. Retrieved 2009-12-18. 
   "CRU Update 3". 2009-12-01. http://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/2009/dec/CRUphiljones. Retrieved 2010-04-14. 
10. ^ McCarthy, Michael (2010-07-08). "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/conspiracy-theories-finally-laid-to-rest-by-report-on-leaked-climate-change-emails-2021222.html. Retrieved 2011-02-16. 
11. ^ Michael Sanderson (2002), The history of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, p. 345, ISBN 9781852853365, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50HjSi5o8J0C&pg=PA345 
12. ^ Pearce, Fred, The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming, (2010) Guardian Books, ISBN 978-0-85265-229-9, p. 32.
13. ^ Climate Research Unit Monthly Bulletin, 1972, vol. 1, p. 9
14. ^ ^{a b c} David D. Kemp (1998), The environment dictionary, pp. 72–3, ISBN 9780415127523, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OFmadtCvtRoC&pg=PA72 
15. ^ Bravender, Robin (2009-10-14). "CLIMATE: Scientists return fire at sceptics in 'destroyed data' dispute". Greenwire. http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2009/10/14/3. 
16. ^ Climate Monitor Online, 2004, http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/climon/ 
17. ^ "Climate data spat intensifies". Nature (460): p. 787. 12 August 2009. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090812/full/460787a.html.  Subscription or payment required to read article.
18. ^ "Hackers target leading climate research unit". BBC News. 20 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8370282.stm. 
19. ^ Johnson, Keith (23 November 2009). "Climate Strife Comes to Light". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125883405294859215.html. 
20. ^ Stringer, David (21 November 2009). "Hackers leak e-mails, stoke climate debate". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ikaqlFpp9jCRHWN0zNuamKXfyeMgD9C441LG0. "Some climate change skeptics and bloggers claim the information shows scientists have overstated the case for global warming, and allege the documents contain proof that some researchers have attempted to manipulate data." 
21. ^ Revkin, Andrew. (2009, Nov. 20). Hacked E-Mail Is New Fodder for Climate Dispute. New York Times. Global Edition: Environment. Accessed 11-23-2009.
22. ^ Johnson, Keith. Climate Emails Stoke Debate The Wall Street Journal. 23 November 2009.
23. ^ Bailey, Ronald. The Scientific Tragedy of Climategate Reason. 1 December 2009
24. ^ Chameides, Bill. "Climategate Redux." Scientific American, 30 Aug. 2010. Retrieved 17 Aug. 2011.
25. ^ "Closing the Climategate." Nature. 18 Nov 2010. Retrieved 17 Aug. 2011.
26. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (21 November 2009). "Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112004093.html. 
27. ^ Webster, Ben (21 November 2009). "Sceptics publish climate e-mails 'stolen from East Anglia University'". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6926325.ece. 
28. ^ The six major investigations covered by secondary sources include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); Independent Climate Change Review (UK); International Science Assessment Panel (UK); Pennsylvania State University (US); United States Environmental Protection Agency (US); Department of Commerce (US).
29. ^ Jonsson, Patrik. "Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged". Christian Science Monitor, 7 July 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 17 Aug. 2011
30. ^ Russell, Sir Muir. The Independent Climate Change E-mails Review. July 2010. p. 11. Retrieved 17 Aug. 2011.
31. ^ Biello, David (Feb., 2010). "Negating 'Climategate'". Scientific American. (302):2. 16. ISSN 00368733. "In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame"; See also: Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "The Administration's View on the State of Climate Science". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by Office of Inspector General.

External links

• Climatic Research Unit