Dunblane massacre

Dunblane massacre
Location	Dunblane, Scotland
Date	13 March 1996 9:30 am (GMT)
Target	Pupils and Staff at Dunblane Primary School
Attack type	Mass murder, murder-suicide
Death(s)	18 (including the perpetrator)
Injured	15[1]
Perpetrator(s)	Thomas Hamilton

The Dunblane massacre was a multiple murder-suicide which occurred at Dunblane Primary School in the Scottish town of Dunblane on 13 March 1996. Sixteen children and one adult were killed by Thomas Hamilton before he committed suicide.

Timeline of events

Victims

1. Victoria Elizabeth Clydesdale (5)

2. Emma Elizabeth Crozier (5)

3. Melissa Helen Currie (5)

4. Charlotte Louise Dunn (5)

5. Kevin Allan Hasell (5)

6. Ross William Irvine (5)

7. David Charles Kerr (5)

8. Mhairi Isabel MacBeath (5)

9. Brett McKinnon (6)

10. Abigail Joanne McLennan (5)

11. Gwen Mayor (45) —Primary School Teacher

12. Emily Morton (5)

13. Sophie Jane Lockwood North (5)

14. John Petrie (5)

15. Joanna Caroline Ross (5)

16. Hannah Louise Scott (5)

17. Megan Turner (5)

Perpetrator (suicide)

1. Thomas Hamilton (43)

On 13 March 1996, unemployed former shopkeeper and former Scout leader^[2][3] Thomas Hamilton (born Thomas Watt, Jr. 10 May 1952) walked into the Dunblane Primary School armed with two 9 mm Browning HP pistols and two Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolvers, all legally held.^[2][4] He was carrying 743 cartridges, and fired his weapons 109 times.^[5][6] The subsequent police investigation revealed that Hamilton had loaded the magazines for his Browning with an alternating combination of full-metal-jacket and hollow-point ammunition.

After gaining entry to the school, Hamilton made his way to the gymnasium and opened fire on a Primary One class of five- and six-year-olds, killing or wounding all but one person.^[7] Fifteen children died together with their class teacher, Gwen Mayor, who was killed trying to protect the children. Hamilton then left the gymnasium through the emergency exit. In the playground outside he began shooting into a mobile classroom. A teacher in the mobile classroom had previously realised that something was seriously wrong and told the children to hide under the tables. Most of the bullets became embedded in books and equipment, though "one passed through a chair which seconds before had been used by a child."^[1] He also fired at a group of children walking in a corridor, injuring one teacher. Hamilton returned into the gym and with one of his two revolvers fired one shot pointing upwards into his mouth, killing himself instantly. A further eleven children and three adults were rushed to the hospital as soon as the emergency services arrived. One child, Mhairi Isabel MacBeath, was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.

Perpetrator

Thomas Watt Hamilton
Born	10 May 1952(1952-05-10) Glasgow, Scotland
Died	13 March 1996(1996-03-13) (aged 43) Dunblane
Status	Deceased
Occupation	Former Shopkeeper
Parents	Thomas Watt and Agnes Graham Hamilton

Possible motives

Hamilton's motives remain unknown, though there were complaints to police regarding his suspicious behaviour towards the young boys who attended the youth clubs he directed. There were suspicions before the massacre that Hamilton's interest in boys was paedophilic with more than one complaint being made regarding him having taken photographs of semi-naked boys without the parents' consent.^[8]

Hamilton had been a Scout leader with the 4th/6th Stirling and 24th Stirlingshire troops of the Scout Association. Several complaints were made about his leadership, notably including two occasions when Scouts were forced to sleep with Hamilton in his van during hill-walking expeditions. Hamilton's Scout Warrant was withdrawn on 13 May 1974, with the County Commissioner stating that he was "suspicious of his moral intentions towards boys".^[9]

He claimed in letters that rumours about him led to the failure of his shop business in 1993, and in the last months of his life he complained again that his attempts to organise a boys' club were subject to persecution by local police and the scout movement. Among those to whom he complained were local MP Michael Forsyth and Queen Elizabeth. In the 1980s, another MP, George Robertson, who resided in Dunblane, had complained to Forsyth about Hamilton's local boys' club, which his son had attended. On the day following the massacre, Robertson spoke of having argued with Hamilton "in my own home".^[10]

On 19 March 1996, six days after the massacre, the body of Thomas Hamilton was cremated in private.^[11]

Political impact

Gun control

The Gun Control Network founded in the aftermath of the shootings was supported by some parents of victims at Dunblane and of the Hungerford Massacre. Bereaved families and their friends also initiated a lobbying campaign, named the Snowdrop Petition (because March is snowdrop time in Scotland), which gained 705,000 signatures in support, and was successful in pressing Parliament, and the then-current Conservative government, into introducing a ban on all cartridge ammunition handguns with the exception of .22 calibre single-shot weapons in England, Scotland and Wales. The campaign was supported by a number of newspapers, including the Sunday Mail, a Scottish tabloid whose own petition to ban handguns had raised 428,279 signatures within five weeks of the massacre.

The Cullen Inquiry recommended tighter control of handgun ownership as well as other changes in school security and vetting of people working with children under 18.^[1] The Home Affairs Select Committee said that rules governing gun ownership must be changed to prevent people such as Thomas Hamilton from owning weapons.^[12] It concluded in 1996 that a ban on handguns would be "panic legislation" and would do little to prevent a repeat of the Dunblane incident. However, because the Hungerford massacre also involved a legal gun owner killing with his legally held guns, public feeling had turned against private gun ownership.

Following the 1997 General Election, the Labour government of Tony Blair introduced the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997, banning the remaining .22 cartridge handguns in England, Scotland and Wales, and leaving only muzzle-loading and historic handguns legal, as well as certain sporting handguns (e.g. "Long-Arms") that fall outside the Home Office Definition of a "Handgun" due to their dimensions. The ban does not affect Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, or the Channel Islands.

Security in schools, particularly primary schools, was improved in response to the Dunblane massacre and two other violent incidents which occurred at around the same time: The murder of Philip Lawrence, a head teacher in London, and the wounding of six children and Lisa Potts, a nursery teacher, at a Wolverhampton nursery school.

Criticism of police

Prior to the events of 13 March 1996, Hamilton was already well known to Central Scotland Police. There were a number of investigations and reports compiled, the exact number and content cannot be verified as they are still unavailable. However, some police involvement with Hamilton is known.

In 1991, following Hamilton's Loch Lomond summer camp, complaints were made to Central Scotland Police and were investigated by the Child Protection Unit. Hamilton was reported to the Procurator Fiscal for consideration of 10 charges, including assault, obstructing police and contravention of the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937. No action was taken.^[13]

Media coverage

Books

Two books - Dunblane: Our Year of Tears by Peter Samson and Alan Crow (Mainstream, 1996) and Dunblane: Never Forget by Mick North (Mainstream, 2000) - both give accounts of the massacre from the perspective of those most directly affected. Another book, Dunblane Unburied by Sandra Uttley (Book Publishing World 2006), whose publication was funded by a shooters' organisation, the Sportsman's Association,^[14] examines Hamilton's relationship with members of Central Scotland Police and presents a disturbing alternative account to the events leading up to the massacre. Uttley alleges a major high-level cover-up and calls for a new Public Inquiry to establish the truth. On 1 March 2006 Creation Books released Predicate: The Dunblane Massacre — Ten Years After by Peter Sotos.^[15]

The professional tennis player Andy Murray discussed his recollections of the Dunblane massacre in his autobiography Hitting Back (2008). The victims were mostly children who were in a younger age group class than Murray, but he has discussed his recollections of taking cover in a classroom.^[16] Murray says he was too young to understand what was happening and is reluctant to talk about it in interviews, but, in his autobiography, Hitting Back, he says that he attended a youth group run by Thomas Hamilton, and that his mother gave Hamilton lifts in her car.^[17]

Television

On the Sunday following the shootings the morning service from Dunblane Cathedral, conducted by Rev. Colin MacIntosh, was broadcast live by the BBC. The BBC also had live transmission of the Memorial Service on 9 October 1996, also held at Dunblane Cathedral.

A documentary Dunblane: Remembering our Children (produced by Chameleon Television), which featured many of the parents of the children who had been killed, was broadcast by ITV at the time of the first anniversary.

At the time of the tenth anniversary in March 2006 two documentaries were broadcast. Channel 5 screened Dunblane — a decade on (made by Hanrahan Media) and BBC Scotland showed Remembering Dunblane (made by iwcmedia).

Newspapers

In 2009, the Sunday Express came under some criticism for its coverage of the survivors of the massacre (see Sunday Express Dunblane controversy).

Memorials

A memorial service conducted by James Whyte, a former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, was held on 9 October 1996.

Dunblane Primary School gymnasium was demolished on 11 April 1996, and replaced by a small garden: a plaque bears the names of the victims. A memorial garden, dedicated at a ceremony on 14 March 1998, was created at the town's cemetery, where most of those who were killed are buried.^[18] The central feature of the garden is a fountain designed by Maggie Howart, with the names of the children engraved around it. Stained glass windows in memory of the victims were placed in three local churches, St Blane's and the Church of the Holy Family in Dunblane and the nearby Lecropt Kirk as well as at the Dunblane Youth and Community Centre. A Clashach standing stone was later erected in Dunblane Cathedral. Dunblane Primary School was completely refurbished within a few years after the massacre.

At least three flowers have been named after victims of the shootings. Two roses, developed by Cockers of Aberdeen, were named "Gwen Mayor" and "Innocence" in memory of the teacher and the children. A variety of snowdrop, discovered ten years earlier in the garden of a house close to Dunblane Primary School, has been named after Sophie North.

The National Association of Primary Education commissioned a wooden sculpture, "Flame for Dunblane", created by Walter Bailey, which was placed in the National Forest, England.

Musical tributes

With the consent of Bob Dylan, the musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of the Dunblane school children and their teacher. The recording of the revised version of the song, which included brothers and sisters of the victims singing the chorus and Mark Knopfler on guitar, was released on 9 December 1996 in the UK, and reached number 1. The proceeds went to charities for children.^[19] Australian band The Living End recorded a song called "Monday", which was released on their self-titled album in 1998. The a capella choral piece, "A CHILD'S PRAYER" was composed in Glasgow during March and April 1996, and copyrighted in 1997 by composer James MacMillan (b. 1959) with a dedication to the "dead of the Dunblane tragedy." It is set to the traditional text: "Welcome Jesu, deep in my soul forever stay, joy and love my heart are filling. On this glad Communion day."

See also

Scotland portal

• School massacre
• Massacre related lists
  • List of massacres in the United Kingdom
  • List of school massacres
• Similar shootings in the United Kingdom
  • Hungerford massacre (1987)
  • Monkseaton shootings (1989)
  • Cumbria shootings (2010)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} The Hon Lord Cullen (30 September 1996). The Public Inquiry into the Shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-10-133862-7. OCLC 60187397. http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/scottish/dunblane/dunblane.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2008. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Britain's Gun Laws Seen As Curbing Attacks (washington Post)
3. ^ UK Gun politics
4. ^ UK Gun politics
5. ^ The Dunblane Massacre (BBC)
6. ^ BBC On this day 13 March
7. ^ The Dunblane Massacre
8. ^ Thomas Hamilton and the Dunblane Massacre
9. ^ Public Enquiry: Events in the life of Thomas Hamilton
10. ^ "Hansard". 14 March 1996. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo960314/debtext/60314-05.htm. Retrieved 16 April 2007. 
11. ^ "Five small coffins laid to rest in Dunblane". The Independent (London: Newspaper Publishing PLC). 20 March 1996. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409211244/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960320/ai_n14036923. Retrieved 5 June 2008. "Thomas Hamilton was cremated in secret yesterday far away from the city where he committed mass murder." 
12. ^ The Telegraph
13. ^ Uttley, Sandra (2006). Dunblane Unburied. BookPublishing World. pp. 209. ISBN 1905553056. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Dunblane-Unburied-Sandra-Uttley/dp/1905553056. 
14. ^ "Dunblane Unburied". 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927213657/http://www.gunculture.net/index.php/weblog/dunblane_unburied/. Retrieved 23 February 2007. 
15. ^ Sotos, Peter (2006). Predicate: The Dunblane Massacre — Ten Years After. Creation Books. pp. 192. ISBN 1840681365. http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1840681365. 
16. ^ Murray, Andy (2008). Hitting Back. Random House. p. 44. ISBN 9781846051678. 
17. ^ Hodgson, Martin (5 June 2008). "Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jun/05/tennis.scotland. Retrieved 6 June 2008. 
18. ^ Photograph of memorial sculpture
19. ^ Dunblane children record Dylan song for Christmas (Reuters)

Further reading

• Mick North, Dunblane: never forget, (Mainstream, 2000) ISBN 1-840183-00-4
• Pam Rhodes, Coming through: true stories of hope and courage, (Pan, 2002) ISBN 0-330486-91-8
• Peter Samson and Alan Crow, Dunblane: our year of tears, (Mainstream, 1997) ISBN 1-851589-75-9
• Peter Squires, Gun culture or gun control?  : firearms, violence and society , (Routledge, 2000) ISBN 0-415170-86-9
• Sandra Uttley, Dunblane Unburied, (BookPublishingWorld, 2006) ISBN 1-905553-05-6.
• P. Whitbread, "Media Liaison: The Lessons from Dunblane" in Shirley Harrison (ed.), Disasters and the media: managing crisis communications, (Macmillan, 1999) ISBN 0-333717-85-6

External links

• BBC News / Scotland
• The Observer
• The Scotsman
• The final report of The Cullen Inquiry
• The transcript of the 1996 Cullen Inquiry into the Dunblane Massacre
• Official text of the Firearms (Amendment) Act, 1997 as amended and in force today within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
• Official text of the Firearms (Amendment) Act, 1997 as originally enacted within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database Prohibition of weapons and ammunition and control of small-calibre pistols
• Official text of the Firearms (Amendment) (No 2) Act, 1997 as amended and in force today within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
• Official text of the Firearms (Amendment) (No 2) Act, 1997 as originally enacted within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database Prohibition of small calibre pistols
• After Dunblane Gun Control in the UK 1996-2001 (PDF)
• BBC Order lifted on Dunblane papers
• Dunblane papers released
• A Timeline of the Massacre
• Dunblane Unburied
• Extensive description of the Dunblane massacre from CourtTV
• Dunblane Massacre - A description on the incident by the Guardian
• Massacre in Dunblane school gym - A report on the incident by the BBC on this day.