- Onkelos
-
Rabbinical Eras Onkelos (אונקלוס) is the name of a famous convert to Judaism in Tannaic times (c.35-120 CE). He is considered to be the author of the famous Targum Onkelos (c.110 CE).
Onkelos in the Talmud
Onkelos is mentioned several times in the Talmud. According to the traditional Jewish sources, he was a prominent Roman nobleman, a nephew of the Roman emperor Titus. According to R' Eliyahu of Vilna he was a nephew of Hadrian, and not Titus. His conversion is the subject of a story whereupon he first consulted with the spirits of three deceased enemies of Israel to see how Israel fared in the next world (Gittin 56b). The first was his uncle Titus, who was blamed for the destruction of the Second Temple; the second was the seer Balaam, hired by Balak king of Moab to curse Israel; and the last was Yeshu, a name used for those who sought to lead Jews astray to idolatry, in particular an idolatrous former student of Rabbi Joshua ben Perachiah in the Hasmonean period as well as king Manasseh of Judah. (In later writings Yeshu is used for Jesus, but opinions differ over whether it can be understood this way in the Talmud.) Onkelos is said to have seen all of them subject to humiliating punishments for harming Israel. The earlier Jerusalem Talmud gives the subject of these stories as Aquila, another convert to Judaism, who translated the Bible into Greek. Stories about the two men had become confounded due to the similarity of names. By another theory, "Onkelos" is simply a variant of "Aquila", applied in error to the Aramaic instead of the Greek translation.
After his conversion, the Talmud records a story of how the Roman emperor tried to have Onkelos arrested (Avodah Zarah 11a). Onkelos cited verses from the Tanakh to the first Roman legion, who then converted. The second legion was also converted, after he juxtaposed God's personal guidance of Israel in the Book of Numbers to the Roman social hierarchy. A similar tactic was used for the third legion, where Onkelos compared his mezuzah to a symbol of God guarding the home of every Jew, in contrast to a Roman king who has his servants guard him. The third legion also converted and no more were sent.
The Targum of Onkelos
According to tradition, Onkelos authored his Targum as an exposition of the "official" interpretation of the pshat (or basic meaning) of the Torah, as received by Rabbi Eliezer. This helped canonise the status of both Onkelos and his Targum in the Jewish tradition.
External links
- The Targumim and Halakha by Jose Faur, analyzing the status of the Targumim in Jewish law
Tannaim Last Generation of Zugot Era Hillel the Elder | Shammai | Bnei Bathyra | Menahem | Akabia ben Mahalalel | Hananiah b. Hezekiah b. GaronFirst Generation Gamaliel I, the Elder | Shimon ben Gamliel (I) | Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen | Johanan ben Zakai | Jonathan ben Uzziel | Baba ben Buta | Hanina Ben Dosa | Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim | Abba Saul ben Batnit | Admon | Dosa ben Harkinas | Judah ben Bathyra | Eliezer ben Jacob I | Nahum the MedeSecond Generation
(Destruction of the Second Temple and thereafter)Gamaliel II | Joshua ben Hananiah | Eliezer ben Hurcanus | Eleazar ben Arach | Nehunya ben ha-Kanah | Nahum of Gimzo | Abba Hilkiah | Rabbi ZadokThird Generation Akiva ben Joseph | Tarfon | Judah ben Baba | Rabbi Ishmael | Eleazar ben Azariah | Jose the Galilean | Eliezer ben Jose | Haninah ben Teradion | Johanan ben Baroka | Simon ben Zoma | Simeon ben Azzai | Onkelos | Hanina ben Antigonus | Hanina ben Hakinai | Yochanan ben Nuri | Eleazar Chisma | Elisha ben Abuyah | Rabbi Ilai I | Eleazar of Modi'im | Halafta | Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua | Abtolemus | Jose ben Kisma | Jeshbab the Scribe | Aquila of Sinope | Johanan ben Torta | Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota | Matteya ben Heresh | Hanan the Egyptian | Simeon the YemeniteFourth Generation Shimon ben Gamaliel (II) | Judah bar Ilai | Jose ben Halafta | Rabbi Meir (and wife Bruriah) | Simeon bar Yochai | Eleazar ben Shammua | Rabbi Nehemiah | Rabbi Nathan | Joshua ben Karha | Abba Saul | Yochanan HaSandlar | Phinehas ben Jair | Simeon ShezuriFifth Generation Judah I | Huna Kamma | Jose b. Judah | Ishmael ben Jose | Eleazar b. Simeon | Simeon ben Eleazar | Eleazar ha-Kappar | Symmachus ben Joseph | Issi ben Judah | Bar Kappara | Jose ben Zimra | Levi ben Sisi | Rabbi Bana'ah | Simeon b. Menasya | Yadua the BabylonianCategories:- Converts to Judaism
- Mishnah rabbis
- Roman-era Jews
- Translators of the Bible into Aramaic
- 1st-century births
- 2nd-century deaths
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.