Raid (military)

Raid
British commandos watch as an ammunition dump burns, Vågsøy 27 December 1941.
Battlespace	Land, Air, Sea
Strategy	Operational

Raid, also known as depredation, is a military tactic or operational warfare mission which has a specific purpose and is not normally intended to capture and hold terrain, but instead finish with the raiding force quickly retreating to a previous defended position prior to the enemy forces being able to respond in a co-ordinated manner or formulate a counter-attack. Within the tactical mission, a raiding group may consist of personnel specially trained in this tactic (such as commandos or guerrilla fighters), regular soldiers, or any organized group of combatants.

The purposes of a raid may include:

• to demoralize, confuse, or exhaust an enemy
• to ransack or pillage a location
• to obtain property or capture people
• to destroy goods or other things with an economic value
• to free POWs
• to kill or capture specific people
• to gather intelligence.

Development of raiding warfare

Land

Among many tribal societies, raiding was the most common and lethal form of warfare. Taking place at night, the goal was to catch the enemy sleeping to avoid casualties to the raiding party.^[1] Cattle raiding was a major feature of Irish society in the Iron Age and forms the central plot of the historical epic Táin Bó Cúailnge (English :Cattle Raid of Cooley).

Small scale raiding warfare was common in Western European warfare of the Middle Ages. Much of a professional soldiers' time could be spent in "little war", carrying out raids or defending against them.^[2] Typical of this style of warfare was the mounted raid or chevauchée, popular during the Hundred Years War. Chevauchées varied in size from a few hundred men to armies of thousands, and could range in scope from attacks on nearby enemy areas to the devastation of whole regions, such as that carried out by the Black Prince in Southern France in 1355. This last is notable not just for its success and scope but the fact that the raiders deliberately captured records in order to carry out a post-operational analysis of the impact of the raid on the enemy economy^[3]

The largest of raids in history can be considered that of the series of raids during and following the Mongol invasion of Central Asia, while at lower level raids had been staged by the Cossacks of the Zaporizhian Sich, the Grande Armée, and the cavalry raids during the American Civil War such as the Morgan's Raid,^[4] and numerous examples of small group raids behind enemy lines from all periods in military history.

In the operational level of war, raids were the precursors in the development of the Operational Manoeuvre Groups in the Soviet Army as early as 1930s.^[5]

Seaborne

Raiding by sea was known at the time of the Pharoahs, when the shipborne forces of the Sea Peoples caused serious disruption to the economies of the eastern Mediterranean.

In the early Middle Ages, Viking raiders from Scandinavia attacked the British isles, France and Spain, attacking coastal and riverside targets. Much Viking raiding was carried out as a private initiative with a few ships, usually to gain loot, but much larger fleets were also involved, often as intent on extorting protection money (English : Danegeld) as looting and pillaging.^[6] Raiding did not cease with the decline of the Viking threat in the 11th century. It remained a common element of the medieval naval warfare. Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the Hundred Years War, often involving privateers such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian Pero Niño.^[7] In the Mediterranean, raiding using oared galleys was common throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance and was particularly a feature of the wars between the Christian powers and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.^[8] Raiding formed a major component of English naval strategy in the Elizabethan era, with attacks on the Spanish possessions in the New World. A major raid on Cadiz to destroy shipping being assembled for the Spanish Armada was carried out by Sir Francis Drake in 1587.^[9]

During the Second World War, the British set up the Combined Operations Headquarters to organise harassing raids against the Germans in Europe. operations varied from small scale with the No. 62 Commando which numbered only 55 men to the Dieppe Raid which was a large scale raid (employing about 6,000 soldiers, over 200 ships and 74 squadrons of aircraft) intended to take and hold Dieppe sufficiently to cause sufficient destruction to the port. In practice the Dieppe raid was a failure.

Air

Air Landed

Aerial Bombardment

Main article: Air raid

The Royal Air Force first used the term "raid" in the Second World War when referring to an air attack. It included those by one aircraft or many squadrons, against all manner of targets on the ground and the targets defending aircraft. "Raid" was different than "battle", which was used for land, sea, or amphibious conflict. An aircraft "raid" was always planned ahead of time. Aircraft patrols (against U-Boats) and defensive launches of carrier aircraft (against recently detected enemy ships) are differentiated from raids.

See also

• List of raids
• Battleplan (documentary TV series)
• Blitz
• Chevauchée
• Trench raiding

References

1. ^ Gat, Azar, War in Human Civilization
2. ^ Rogers (2007), Chapter 7 Little War
3. ^ Rogers (2000), pp 304-324
4. ^ Black, Robert W., Cavalry raids of the Civil War
5. ^ p.72, Simpkin and Erickson, Deep Battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii
6. ^ Griffith (1995), Chapter 4 The Viking Notion of Strategy
7. ^ Longmate (1990), pp 314-382
8. ^ Crowley (2008), Chapter 6 The Turkish Sea
9. ^ Hanson (2003), pp111-122

Sources

• Simpkin, Richard and Erickson, John, Deep Battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii, Brassey's Defence Publishers, London, 1987
• Black, Robert W., Col., Cavalry raids of the Civil War, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 2004
• Gat, Azar, "War in Human Civilization", Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006
• Griffith, Paddy (1995). The Viking Art of War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1853672084. 
• Hanson, Neil (2003). The Confident Hope of a Miracle. London: Corgi. ISBN 0552149756. 
• Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton. ISBN 0586208453. 
• Crowley, Roger (2008). Empires of the Sea. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571232314. 
• Rogers, Clifford (2000). War Cruel and Sharp. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0851158048. 
• Rogers, Clifford (2007). Soldiers Lives Through History: The Middle Ages. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313333507.