New York World

The New York World

Special Christmas 1899 section featuring a story by Mark Twain
Type	Daily newspaper
Format	Broadsheet
Owner	Marble Manton 1862-1876 Joseph Pulitzer 1883-1911
Editor	Marble Manton 1862-1876
Founded	1860
Ceased publication	1931
Headquarters	New York World Building

The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party, and from 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer it became a pioneer in Yellow Journalism as it pushed its daily circulation to the one-million mark.

Early years

The World was formed in 1860. From 1862 to 1876, it was edited by Marble Manton, who was also its proprietor at the time. After Manton ran into financial trouble, he was forced to sell the unsuccessful newspaper.^{[citation needed]} In 1864, the World was shut down for three days after it published forged documents from Abraham Lincoln.^[1]

Joseph Pulitzer years

The World was a relatively unsuccessful New York newspaper from 1860 to 1883. It was purchased by Joseph Pulitzer in 1883 and a new, aggressive era of circulation building began. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of America's first investigative journalists, often working undercover. As a publicity stunt for the paper inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days, she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889-1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time.

In 1889, Julius Chambers became the managing editor of the New York World on the invitation of Joseph Pulitzer, where he remained until 1891.^[2]

In 1896, the World began using a four-color printing press and became the first to launch a color supplement, which featured the Yellow Kid cartoon Hogan's Alley. It then joined a circulation battle with William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal American.

The World was at the time attacked for being "sensational", and its later circulation battles with Hearst's Journal American gave rise to the term yellow journalism, which have led many to believe the World and the Journal were little more than scandal sheets. One should note, however, that the charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, who resented Pulitzer's courting of the immigrant classes. And while the World presented its fair share of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a disproportionate number of children and led the World to publish stories under headlines like "Lines of Little Hearses", the adverse publicity spurred action for reform. Hearst reproduced Pulitzer's approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal American.

1904 political cartoon of President Theodore Roosevelt

Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a trial basis as the editor of the World in 1904 by publisher Pulitzer. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzer's attempts to "run the office" from his home. However hard the elder man might try, he simply could not keep from meddling with Cobb's work. Time after time these men battled each other, and not often in the most temperate language. Ironically, both men found common ground in their support of Woodrow Wilson. But there were plenty of other issues to disagree about. When Pulitzer's son took over administrative responsibility in 1907, Pulitzer wrote a precisely worded resignation which was printed in every New York paper—except the World. Pulitzer raged at the insult, but slowly began to respect Cobb's editorials and independent spirit. Exchanges, commentaries, and messages between them increased. The good rapport between the two was based largely on Cobb's flexibility. In May 1908, Cobb and Pulitzer met to outline plans for a consistent editorial policy. However, the editorial policy did waver on occasion. Renewed battles broke out over the most trivial matters. Pulitzer's demands for editorials on contemporary breaking news led to overwork by Cobb. Pulitzer revealed concern by sending him on a six-week tour of Europe to restore his spirit. Pulitzer died shortly after Cobb's return; then Cobb published Pulitzer's beautifully written resignation. Cobb retained the editorial policies he had shared with Pulitzer until he died of cancer in 1923.^[3]

Later years

In 1911, Joseph Pulitzer died, passing control of the World to his sons Ralph, Joseph and Herbert Pulitzer. The World continued to grow under its executive editor Herbert Bayard Swope, who hired writers such as Frank Sullivan and Deems Taylor. Among the World's noted journalists were columnists Franklin Pierce Adams (F.P.A.) who wrote "The Conning Tower," Heywood Broun who penned "It Seems To Me" on the editorial page, and hardboiled writer James M. Cain. C. M. Payne created several comic strips for the newspaper.

The paper published the first crossword puzzle in December 1913. The annual reference book called The World Almanac was founded by the newspaper, and its name, World Almanac, is directly descended from the newspaper. The belief that the World Series of baseball is also named after the newspaper, however, is unfounded.[1]^{[dead link]}

The paper ran a twenty article exposé on the Ku Klux Klan starting September 6, 1921.

In 1931, Pulitzer's heirs went to court to sell the World. A surrogate court judge decided in the Pulitzer sons' favor; it was purchased by Roy W. Howard for his Scripps-Howard chain. He promptly closed the World and laid off the staff of 3,000 after the final issue was printed on February 27, 1931. Howard added the World name to his afternoon paper, the Evening Telegram, and called it the New York World-Telegram.

Legacy

Janet E. Steele argues that Pulitzer put a stamp on his age when he brought his brand of journalism from St. Louis to New York in 1883. In his New York World, Pulitzer emphasized illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men who, Pulitzer believed, saved money to enjoy life with their families when they could, at Coney Island for example. By contrast, long-established editor Charles A. Dana, of The Sun, held to a traditional view of the working man as one engaged in a struggle to better his working conditions and to improve himself. Dana thought the 20th century would see even fewer faddish illustrations and wished newspapers did not need advertising. Dana resisted buying a Linotype. These two editors, and their newspapers, reflected two worlds—one old, one new—and Pulitzer won.^[4]

Revival

On May 16, 2011, the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism announced that it was launching an online publication named The New York World, in honor of the original New York World published by Pulitzer, the founder of the school. In the announcement, the school proclaimed that the mission of the newspaper would be "to provide New York City citizens with accountability journalism about government operations that affect their lives." It is to be staffed mainly by those who have completed master's or doctoral degres and other affiliates of the school.^[5]

Notable journalists

• Howard C. Hillegas (1872–1918)
• William Brown Meloney (1878–1925)
• Charles Edward Russell (1886-1894)

See also

• Joseph Pulitzer
• History of American newspapers
• New York World Building
• Yellow Journalism

References

1. ^ "Manton Marble, Publicist, Dead. Editor and Owner of The New York World from 1862 to 1876 Dies in England at 82. Noted Political Writer. His Famous "Letter to Abraham Lincoln" Followed President's Suspension of His Newspaper. His Letter to President Lincoln". New York Times. July 25, 1917. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E3DF103BE03ABC4D51DFB166838C609EDE. "Manton Marble died this morning of old age at the home of his son-in-law, Sir Martin Conway, Allington Castle, near Maidstone. Mr. Marble, who had been living in England quietly for twenty years, began to fail last Christmas." 
2. ^ Dictionary of American Biography (1936) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
3. ^ Louis M. Starr (June 1, 1968). "Joseph Pulitzer and his most “indegoddampendent” editor". New York Times. http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968_4_18.shtml. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
4. ^ Janet E. Steele (1990). "The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man)". Journalism Quarterly 67 (3): 592–600. 
5. ^ Press release from the Columbia Journalism School

Further reading

• Brian, Denis. Pulitzer: A Life. Wiley, 2001. 438 pp.

External links

• Original New York World articles at Nellie Bly Online

• Slate article about the World Magazine's graphic design