Gay-Lussac's law

Gay-Lussac's law

The expression Gay-Lussac's law is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and which concern the properties of gases, though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. One law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the other concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas.

Contents

Law of combining volumes

Under STP, a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of ammonia

The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:

The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.

This reflects the fact that (Avogadro's law) equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules ( at the same temperature and pressure), and also that in chemical reactions, the molecules combine in a ratio of whole numbers—this is known as the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction and is expressed via the chemical equation for the reaction. The law of combining gases was published by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.[1]

Pressure-temperature law

Gay-Lussac's name is also associated — erroneously — with another gas law, the so-called pressure law, which states that:

The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas' absolute temperature.

Simply put, if a gas' temperature increases then so does its pressure, if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in kelvins. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:

{P}\propto{T}

or

\frac{P}{T}=k

where:

P is the pressure of the gas (measured in ATM).
T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.

This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.

For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

\frac{P_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad {P_1}{T_2}={P_2}{T_1}.

Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature: The pressure law described above should actually be attributed to Guillaume Amontons, who, in the late 17th century (more accurately between 1700 and 1702[2][3]), discovered that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume is proportional to the temperature. Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer". Calling it Gay-Lussac's law is simply incorrect as Gay-Lussac investigated the relationship between volume and temperature (i.e. Charles' Law), not pressure and temperature.

Charles' Law was also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac, because Gay-Lussac published it in 1802 using much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787. However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor, and Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated with the law of combining volumes. Amontons' Law, Charles' Law, and Boyle's law form the combined gas law. The three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's Law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html
  2. ^ Barnett, Martin K. (Aug 1941), "A brief history of thermometry", Journal of Chemical Education 18 (8): 358, Bibcode 1941JChEd..18..358B, doi:10.1021/ed018p358 . Extract.
  3. ^ http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm

http://www.ausetute.com.au/gaylusac.html

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html#amonton

http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joseph-louis-gay-lussac-wsd/

Further reading

  • Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. (2002). Modern Chemistry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-056537-5. 
  • Guch, Ian (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry. Alpha, Penguin Group Inc.. ISBN 1-59257-101-8. 
  • Mascetta, Joseph A. (1998). How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry. Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0331-8. 

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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Gay-Lussac's law — [gā΄lə saks′] n. [after GAY LUSSAC Joseph Louis] 1. the statement that the volumes of two or more gases that combine to give a gaseous product are in the proportion of small whole numbers to each other and to the volume of the product 2. CHARLES… …   English World dictionary

  • Gay Lussac's law — Law Law (l[add]), n. [OE. lawe, laghe, AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie: akin to OS. lag, Icel. l[ o]g, Sw. lag, Dan. lov; cf. L. lex, E. legal. A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed; like statute, fr. L. statuere to make to stand. See… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Gay-Lussac’s law — Gei Liusako dėsnis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. Gay Lussac’s law vok. Gay Lussac Gesetz, n; Gay Lussacsches Gesetz, n rus. закон Гей Люссака, m pranc. loi de Gay Lussac, f …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

  • Gay-Lussac's law — Gay Lus·sac s law (gaґ lu sahksґ) [Joseph Louis Gay Lussac, French naturalist, 1778–1850] see under law …   Medical dictionary

  • Gay-Lussac's law — /ˌgeɪ lusæks ˈlɔ / (say .gay loohsaks law) noun 1. the law which states that when gases combine they do so in a simple ratio by volume to each other and to the gaseous product. 2. → Charles s law. {from Joseph Louis Gay Lussac, 1778–1850, French… …  

  • Gay-Lussac's law — Thermodynamics. the principle that, for relatively low pressures, the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the absolute temperature of the gas. Also called Charles law. Cf. Boyle s law. [named after J. L. GAY LUSSAC] …   Universalium

  • Gay-Lussac's law — [geɪ lu:saks] noun Chemistry a law stating that the volumes of gases undergoing a reaction at constant pressure and temperature are in a simple ratio to each other and to that of the product. Origin C19: named after the French scientist Joseph L …   English new terms dictionary

  • Gay-Lussac's law — noun (physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature • Syn: ↑Charles s law, ↑law of volumes • Topics: ↑physics, ↑natural philosophy • Hypernyms: ↑ …   Useful english dictionary

  • Gay-Lussac's law — 1. a modification of Charles law, adding that, at constant temperature and pressure, the ratio of the volumes of two gases that react with each other is always a small whole number. 2. sometimes used synonymously with Charles l …   Medical dictionary

  • Gay-Lussac-Gesetz — Gei Liusako dėsnis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. Gay Lussac’s law vok. Gay Lussac Gesetz, n; Gay Lussacsches Gesetz, n rus. закон Гей Люссака, m pranc. loi de Gay Lussac, f …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

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