- Timeline of chess
This is a timeline of
chess .Early history
*
6th century - The gameChaturanga probably evolved into its current form around this time in India.
* ca.600 - The "Karnamuk-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan" contains references to thePersia n game ofShatranj , the direct ancestor of modern Chess. Shatranj was initially called "Chatrang" in Persian (named after the Indian version), which was later renamed to Shatranj.
* ca.720 - Chess spreads across theIslamic world from Persia.
* ca.840 - Earliest surviving chess problems by CaliphBillah ofBaghdad .
* ca.900 - Entry on Chess in the Chinese workHuan Kwai Lu ('Book of Marvels').
*997 -Versus de scachis is the earliest known work mentioning chess in Christian Western Europe.
*1008 - Mention of chess in the will of Count Uregel, another early reference.
*10th century -As-Suli writesKitab Ash-Shatranj , the earliest known work to take a scientific approach to chess strategy.
* late10th century - Dark and light squares are introduced on achessboard .
*1173 - Earliest recorded use ofalgebraic chess notation .
*1283 -Alfonso X compiles theLibro de los juegos , with an extensive collection of chess problems.
* late13th century - Pawns can now move two ranks on first move.
* late14th century - Theen passant rule is introduced.
*1422 - A manuscript fromKraków sets the rule thatstalemate is a draw.
*1471 - TheGöttingen manuscript is the first book to deal solely with chess.
*1474 -William Caxton publishes "The Game and Playe of Chesse", the first chess book in English.
* 1475-1525 - The modern moves for the queen, bishop, and castling are slowly adopted.
*1475 -Scachs d'amor the first published game of modern chess, written as a poem.
*1497 -Luis Ramirez Lucena publishes the first European work on chess openings.
*1510 -Marco Girolamo Vida wrote "Scacchia ludus(The Game of Chess)" with the first reference to a goddess of chess. [ [http://www.chess-poster.com/english/chesmayne/brief_notes_on_the_history_of_chess_1500.htm Brief notes on the history of chess 1500] chess-poster.com]
*1512 -Pedro Damiano publishes one of the first chess treatises, "Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de li partiti"
*1561 - Ruy López coins the word "gambit " to describe opening sacrifices.
*1690 - Openings are now systematically classified by the "Traite de Lausanne".18th Century
*1744 -
François-André Danican Philidor plays two opponents blindfolded in Paris.
*1747 -François-André Danican Philidor (France) defeatsPhilipp Stamma (Syria) in a London match.
*1763 - Sir William Jones inventsCaissa , the chess muse.
*1769 - Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen builds the Mechanical Turk.
*1783 - Philidor plays as many as three games simultaneously without seeing the board.19th Century
*1802 - Earliest known American chess book, "Chess Made Easy", by J. Humphreys.
*1813 - The Liverpool Mercury prints the world's earliest chess column.
*1824 - Earliest known Britishcorrespondence chess match, London-Edinburgh.
*1830 - Earliest recorded instance of a modern female chess player.
*1834 - Earliest recorded international challenge match:Alexander McDonnell (Ireland) versus Louis de la Bourdonnais (France) at the Westminster Chess Club, London.
*1843 -Howard Staunton (England) wins a match againstPierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant (France) inParis .
*1845 - Telegraph is used to transmit moves in a match between London and Portsmouth.
*1846 - "Deutsche Schachzeitung " is the first German chess magazine.
*1848 - Earliest known instance of a game played between blind players.
*1849 -Staunton chess set created byNathaniel Cook .
*1851 - First international tournament is held in London, and won byAdolf Anderssen .
*1852 -Sandglass es are first used to time a game.
*1857 - FirstAmerican Chess Congress , won by 20 year oldPaul Morphy , causes a chess epidemic across the U.S.
*1857 - The UK Chess Association is formed.
*1858 - The California Chess Congress is held in San Francisco, won bySelim Franklin
*1859 -Paul Morphy declared unofficial world champion after two years of international play
*1861 - Games played via transoceanic cables (Dublin-Liverpool).
*1867 - Mechanicalgame clock s are introduced in tournament play.
*1870 - Earliest recorded tournament in Germany (Baden-Baden).
*1871 - Durand publishes the first book on endgames.
*1873 - TheNeustadtl score system is first used in a tournament.
*1877 - Formation of the Deutsche Schachbund.
*1879 - FirstNew Zealand Chess Championship , the longest running national chess championship in the world.
*1883 - Invention of Forsyth notation.
*1884 -Paul Morphy dies.
*1886 - First official World Chess Championship match held betweenWilhelm Steinitz andJohannes Zukertort . Steinitz wins decisively with the score 12½-7½ to become the first official world champion.
*1888 - First international correspondence tournament.
*1888 -U.S. Chess Championship starts.
*1894 -Emmanuel Lasker defeats Wilhelm Steinitz in a world championship match to become the second official world champion.
*1895 -Hastings 1895 chess tournament at Hastings, England.
*1899 - Chess clocks now have timeout flags.20th Century
*1902 - First radio chess match by players on two American ships.
*1904 - British Chess Federation (BCF) is established.
*1905 - British national championship for women starts.
*1907 - Lasker-Marshall World Championship match in several US cities.
*1910 -José Raúl Capablanca is the first to win a major tournament (in New York) with a 100% score.
*1911 - The firstsimultaneous exhibition with more than 100 participants.
*1913 - Publication of Harold Murray's monumental book "A History of Chess ".
*1913 - The grasshopper is the first fairy piece invented, having its origin in the Renaissance "leaping queen".
*1919 - Capablanca plays a simul in the House of Commons against 39 players.
*1921 - British correspondence championship starts.
*1921 - José Raúl Capablanca defeats Emmanuel Lasker in Havana +4 -0 =10 to become the third official world champion.
*1924 - Establishment ofFédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE).
*1924 - Staunton set officially adopted by FIDE.
*1927 - First officialChess Olympiad in London.
*1927 -Alexander Alekhine defeats Capablanca at Buenos Aires with +6 -3 =25 and became the fourth official world champion.
*1935 -Max Euwe wins the world championship title from Alexander Alekhine in Zandvoort, The Netherlands +9 -8 =13 and became the fifth official world champion.
*1937 - A record for simultaneous blindfold play against 34 opponents.
*1937 - Alexander Alekhine regains his champion title from Max Euwe in The Netherlands +10 –4 =11.
*1941 -Basic Chess Endings byReuben Fine published.
*1945 - USA vs USSR Radio match is the first international sporting event afterWorld War II . The USSR scores an overwhelming victory and would dominate world chess for the next 25 years.
*1946 - Reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine dies in Portugal, leaving the title vacant.FIDE moves to gain control of the world championship.
*1947 - The first postage stamp with a chess motif was printed by Bulgaria.
*1948 -Mikhail Botvinnik wins the 1948 World Chess Championship, which was held at The Hague and Moscow. He became the sixth official world champion.
*1949 -Claude Shannon speculates on how computers might play chess.
*1950 -FIDE introduces the International Grandmaster (GM) andInternational Master (IM) titles.
*1950 - FirstCandidates Tournament is held inBudapest .David Bronstein wins after a playoff againstIsaac Boleslavsky .
*1951 -Mikhail Botvinnik retains his title after the World Championship match with challengerDavid Bronstein ends in a 12–12 tie.
*1951 - FirstWorld Junior Chess Championship held.
*1952 - Soviet Union begins their string ofChess Olympiad victories in Helsinki.
*1953 -Vasily Smyslov wins the Candidates Tournament at Zurich. The tournament is the subject of a well-known book byDavid Bronstein .
*1954 -Mikhail Botvinnik retains his title after the World Championship match with challengerVasily Smyslov ends in a 12–12 tie.
*1956 -Vasily Smyslov wins the Candidates Tournament in Amsterdam.Paul Keres finishes second.
*1957 -Vasily Smyslov defeats Botvinnik by the score 12.5-9.5 and became the seventh official world champion.
*1958 - Botvinnik defeats Smyslov in a rematch by the score 12.5-10.5 to regain the title.
*1958 -Bobby Fischer qualifies for the 1959 Candidates Match, becoming the youngest ever Grandmaster. This record would stand until 1991.
*1959 -Mikhail Tal wins the Candidates Tournament in Yugoslavia.Paul Keres finishes second.
*1960 -Mikhail Tal defeats Botvinnik +6 -2 =13 to become the eighth official world champion and the youngest-ever world champion (a record later broken by Garry Kasparov, who earned the title at 22).
*1961 - Botvinnik defeats Tal in a rematch by the score +10 -5 =6 to regain the title.
*1962 -Tigran Petrosian wins the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao, going through the tournament without a defeat.Paul Keres finishes second in a Candidates Tournament for the third consecutive time.
*1963 -Tigran Petrosian defeats Botvinnik 12.5–9.5 to become the ninth World Chess Champion.
*1965 -Boris Spassky wins Candidates Matches againstPaul Keres ,Efim Geller , andMikhail Tal .
*1966 -Tigran Petrosian successfully defends his World Championship title againstBoris Spassky , 12½–11½.
*1967 -Bent Larsen wins the Sousse Interzonal afterBobby Fischer withdraws after ten games while leading with 8½ points. Larsen also wins the firstChess Oscar .
*1969 -Boris Spassky defeats Petrosian 12½-11½ to become the tenth World Chess Champion.
*1970 -Bobby Fischer wins the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal 3½ points ahead of his nearest rival.
*1971 -Bobby Fischer blazes through his Candidates Matches, defeatingMark Taimanov andBent Larsen each 6–0 andTigran Petrosian by 6½–2½. Fischer establishes a 20 game winning streak in 1970 and 1971.
*1972 -Bobby Fischer beatsBoris Spassky for theWorld Chess Championship 1972 , giving chess an unprecedented level of publicity. The score was 12.5-8.5 to become the eleventh World Chess Champion.
*1975 -Anatoly Karpov becomes the twelfth World Champion without having defeated the reigning champion as Fischer resigned his crown.
*1977 - Female playerNona Gaprindashvili wins the men's tournament at Lone Pine.
*1978 -Nona Gaprindashvili becomes the first woman to receive the FIDE Grandmaster title.
*1978 -FIDE Master (FM) introduced as a title below International Master.
*1978 - FirstSargon (chess) chess -playingsoftware forpersonal computers introduced at the 1978West Coast Computer Faire .
*1981 -Anatoly Karpov convincingly defeats challengerViktor Korchnoi six wins to two to retain the World Championship.
*1984 - In a controversial decision, theFIDE president abandons the first World Championship match betweenGarry Kasparov andAnatoly Karpov after 48 games with Karpov leading 5–3.
*1985 -Garry Kasparov defeatsAnatoly Karpov to become the thirteenthWorld Chess Champion 13-11, and then dominates world chess for the next 15 years.
*1986 - Theatrical version ofChess (musical) opens inLondon 'sWest End theatre .
*1991 -Judit Polgar becomes the youngest ever Grandmaster, breaking Bobby Fischer's record by about a month.
*1992 -Bobby Fischer playsBoris Spassky in FR Yugoslavia in a rematch of the 1972 World Championship.
*1993 - "Searching for Bobby Fischer " motion picture released (in the United Kingdom as "Innocent Moves").:: -Garry Kasparov andNigel Short break from FIDE to play their world championship match, forming theProfessional Chess Association .
*1994 -
*1995 -
*1996 - Deep Blue beats Garry Kasparov in the first game won by a chess-playing computer against a reigning world champion under normal chess tournament conditions. Kasparov recovers to win the match 4–2 (three wins, one loss, two draws).
*1997 -Garry Kasparov loses to chess supercomputer Deeper Blue in a controversial rematch (2½–3½).
*1998 -
*1999 -21st Century
*2000 -
Garry Kasparov loses his title toVladimir Kramnik 8.5 - 6.5. Kramnik became the fourteenth World Chess Champion.
*2001 -
*2002 -Sergey Karjakin becomes the youngest ever Grandmaster at age 12 years and 7 months.
*2003 -
*2004 -Rustam Kasimdzhanov wins theFIDE World Chess Championship 2004 by beatingMichael Adams in the final.:: -Vladimir Kramnik successfully defends his title in theClassical World Chess Championship 2004 againstPeter Leko .
*2005 -Veselin Topalov wins theFIDE World Chess Championship 2005 with 10/14 (+6=8-0).
*2006 -World Chess Championship reunited whenVladimir Kramnik defeatsVeselin Topalov in theFIDE World Chess Championship 2006 .
*2007 -Viswanathan Anand becomes the fifteenth World Chess Champion after winning the 2007 World Chess Championship tournament held in Mexico City. Anand finished the tournament with a score of 9/14 (+4=10-0).
*2008 - Former World ChampionBobby Fischer dies in Iceland at age 64.
*2008 - Former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik set to play a rematch with World Champion Viswananthan Anand.See also
*
Chess
*Origins of chess
*Chess in early literature
*Chess in Europe Notes
References
*citation
last=Whyld | first=Ken | author-link=Ken Whyld
year=1986
title=Chess: The Records
publisher=Guinness Books
isbn=0-85112-455-0
pages=7–10
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