Micro-g environment

The term micro-g environment (also µg, often referred to by the term microgravity) is more or less a synonym of weightlessness and zero-G, but indicates that g-forces are not quite zero, just very small.^[1] The symbol for microgravity, µg, was used on the insignia of Space Shuttle flight STS-87 because this flight was devoted to microgravity research.

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  Comparison of boiling of water under earth's gravity (1 g, left) and microgravity (right). The source of heat is in the lower part of the photograph.

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  A comparison between the combustion of a candle on Earth (left) and in a microgravity environment, such as that found on the ISS (right).

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  Colourized gray-scale composite image of the individual frames from a video of a backlit fuel droplet burning in microgravity.

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  Multiple overlays of three separate microgravity flame images.

Absence of gravity

A "stationary" micro-g environment^[2] would require travelling far enough into deep space so as to reduce the effect of gravity by attenuation to almost zero. This is the simplest in conception, but requires traveling an enormous distance, rendering it most impractical. For example, to reduce the gravity of the Earth by a factor of one million one needs to be at a distance of 6 million km from the Earth, but to reduce the gravity of the Sun to this amount one has to be at a distance of 3700 million km. (The gravity due to the rest of the Milky Way is already smaller than one millionth of the gravity on Earth, so we need not move away further from its center.) Thus it is not impossible, but it has only been achieved by a few spaceships such as Voyager 1, which do not return to Earth. To reduce the gravity to one thousandth of that on Earth one needs to be at a distance of 200,000 km.

Location	Gravity due to the Earth	Gravity due to the Sun	Gravity due to the rest of Milky Way	Total
Earth's surface	9.81 m/s2	6 mm/s2	200 pm/s2 = 6 mm/s/yr	9.81 m/s2
Low Earth orbit	9 m/s2	6 mm/s2	200 pm/s2	9 m/s2
200,000 km from Earth	10 mm/s2	6 mm/s2	200 pm/s2	up to 12 mm/s2
6 million km from Earth	10 μm/s2	6 mm/s2	200 pm/s2	6 mm/s2
3700 million km from Earth	29 pm/s2	10 μm/s2	200 pm/s2	10 μm/s2
Voyager 1 (17,000 million km from Earth)	1 pm/s2	500 nm/s2	200 pm/s2	500 nm/s2
0.1 light-year from Earth	400 am/s2	200 pm/s2	200 pm/s2	up to 400 pm/s2

From stationarity the gravity from "the rest of the Milky Way" would cause a free fall, covering a distance of 100 pm in one second, 360 nm in one minute, 1.3 mm in one hour, 70 cm in one day, 37 m in one week, 100 km in one year, and 10,000 km in 10 years (at a speed at that last location of 6 cm/s).

Compare the gravitational potential at some of these locations.

Free fall

What remains is a micro-g environment moving in free fall, i.e. there are no forces other than gravity acting on the people or objects in this environment. To prevent air drag making the free fall less perfect, objects and people can free-fall in a capsule that itself, while not necessarily itself in free fall, is accelerated as in free fall. This can be done by applying a force to compensate for air drag. Alternatively free fall can be carried out in space, or in a vacuum tower or shaft.

The two cases that can be distinguished are that where the situation is only temporary because after some time the Earth's surface is or would be reached, and the case where the situation can go on indefinitely.

A temporary micro-g environment exists in a drop tube (in a tower or shaft), a sub-orbital spaceflight, e.g. with a sounding rocket, and in an airplane such as used by NASA's Reduced Gravity Research Program, aka the Vomit Comet, and by the Zero Gravity Corporation. A temporary micro-g environment is applied for training of astronauts, for some experiments, for filming movies, and for fun.

A micro-g environment for an indefinite time, while also possible in a spaceship going to infinity in a parabolic or hyperbolic orbit, is most practical in an Earth orbit. This is the environment commonly experienced in the International Space Station, Space Shuttle, etc. While this scenario is the most suitable for scientific experimentation and commercial exploitation, it is still quite expensive to operate in, mostly due to launch costs.

Objects in orbit are not perfectly weightless due to several effects:

• Effects depending on relative position in the spacecraft:
  • In Low Earth orbit (LEO), the force of gravity decreases upward by 0.33 μg/m. Objects which have a non-zero size will be subjected to a tidal force, or a differential pull, between the high and low ends of the object. (An extreme version of this effect is spaghettification.)
  • In a spacecraft in LEO, the centrifugal force is greater on the side of the spacecraft furthest from the Earth. This is also a tidal force, adding 0.17 μg/m to the first-mentioned effect.
  • "Floating" objects in a spacecraft in LEO are actually in independent orbits around the Earth. If two objects are placed side-by-side (relative to their direction of motion) they will be orbiting the Earth in different orbital planes. Since all orbital planes pass through the center of the earth, any two orbital planes intersect along a line. Therefore two objects placed side-by-side (at any distance apart) will come together after one quarter of a revolution. If they are placed so they miss each other, they will oscillate past each other, with the same period as the orbit. This corresponds to an inward acceleration of 0.17 μg per meter horizontal distance from the center. If they are placed one ahead of the other in the same orbital plane, they will maintain their separation. If they are placed one above the other (at different radii from the center of the earth) they will have different potential energies, so the size, eccentricity, and period of their orbits will be different, causing them to move in a complex looping pattern relative to each other.^[3]
  • Gravity between the spacecraft and an object within it may make the object slowly "fall" toward a more massive part of it. The acceleration is 0.007 μg for 1000 kg at 1 m distance.
• Uniform effects (which could be compensated):
  • Though very thin, there is some air at orbital altitudes of 185 to 1,000 km. This atmosphere causes deceleration due to friction. This could be compensated by a small continuous thrust, but in practice the deceleration is only compensated from time to time, so the small g-force of this effect is not eliminated.
  • The effects of the solar wind and radiation pressure are similar, but directed away from the Sun. Unlike the effect of the atmosphere it does not reduce with altitude.

Commercial applications

Metal spheres

In a shot tower (now obsolete), molten metal (such as lead or steel), was dripped through a sieve into free fall. With sufficient height (several hundred feet), the metal would be solid enough to resist impact (usually in a water bath) at the bottom of the tower. While the shot may have been slightly deformed by its passage through the air and by impact at the bottom, this method produced metal spheres of sufficient roundness to be used directly in shotgun shells or to be refined by further processing for applications requiring higher accuracy.

High quality crystals

While not yet a commercial application, there has been much interest in growing crystals in micro-g, as in a space station or automated artificial satellite, in an attempt to reduce crystal lattice defects. Such defect-free crystals may prove useful for certain microelectronic applications and also to produce crystals for subsequent X-ray crystallography.

See also

• μFluids@Home is a distributed computing project that models the behavior of liquid rocket propellants in micro-g.
• Weightlessness

References

1. ^ http://www.jamesoberg.com/myth.html OMNI magazine, May 1993, pp. 38ff
2. ^ Depending on distance, "stationary" is meant relative to Earth or the Sun.
3. ^ "Weightlessness and Microgravity", David Chandler, The Physics Teacher, May 1991, pp. 312-13

External links

• Overview of microgravity applications and methods
• Criticism of the terms "Zero Gravity" and "Microgravity", a persuasion to use terminology that reflects accurate physics (Sci.space post).
• Space Biology Research at AU-KBC Research Centre