Chianina

A Chianina cow and calf in Tuscany

The Chianina (Italian pronunciation: [kjaˈniːna]) is an Italian breed of cattle, formerly principally a draught breed, now raised mainly for beef. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world.^[1][2] The famous bistecca alla fiorentina is produced from its meat.

History

One of the oldest breeds of cattle, the Chianina originates in the area of the Valdichiana, from which it takes its name, and the middle Tiber valley.^[3] Chianina cattle have been raised in the Italian regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio for at least 2200 years.^[4] Columella, writing about types of oxen in about 55 AD, says "Umbria vastos et albos ..." (VI.I.2),^[5] which in the first English translation is "Umbria has such as are huge, and of a white colour".^[6] Chianina oxen were the principal source of agricultural power in the area until displaced by mechanisation and the collapse of the mezzadria system following the Second World War; they were in use in agriculture until at least 1970^[7] and are still used in processions such as the corteo storico of the Palio di Siena. From 1931 breeders began to favour selection of animals more suited to meat production, with shorter limbs, longer bodies and more heavily muscled rump and thighs; recently, selection is based also on factors such as growth rate, meat yield and, in cows, maternal ability.^[4] While one source reports a Herd Book dating from 1856,^[8] others date the institution of the Libro Genealogico (genealogical stud book) to 1933, when a breed standard was established and commissions were set up by the Ministero di Agricoltura e Foreste (ministry of agriculture and forestry) to identify, mark and register morphologically suitable animals; the standard of the Chianina breed was fixed by Ministerial Decree of 7 August 1935.^[9] A private register was previously kept by the largest cattle breeder of the Sienese Valdichiana, the Eredi del conte Bastogi of Abbadia di Montepulciano,^[9] and a group of breeders had in 1899 formed a society, the Società degli Agricoltori della Valdichiana (society of farmers of the Valdichiana), of which a principal aim was the establishment of a herd book.^[10][11] Since the Second World War the Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat, and has through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas.^[12]

Breed description

A bull of the Chianina breed

The Chianina is both the tallest and the heaviest breed of cattle. Mature bulls stand up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), and castrated oxen may reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in).^[12] It is not unusual for bulls to exceed 1600 kg (3500 lb) in weight.^[1] Males standing over 1.51 m (4 ft 11 in) at 12 months are considered top-grade. A Chianina bull named Donetto holds the world record for the heaviest bull, reported by one source as 1740 kg (3840 lb) when exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955,^[13] but as 1780 kg (3920 lb) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall at the age of 8 by others including the Tenuta La Fratta, near Sinalunga in the province of Siena, where he was bred.^[14][15] Cows usually weigh 800–900 kg (1800–2000 lb), but commonly exceed 1000 kg (2200 lb); those standing over 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) are judged top-grade. Calves routinely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb) at birth.^[1] The Chianina breed is characterised by white hair and a black switch. They have black skin pigmentation. Chianina are heat tolerant and have a gentle disposition. At the end of 2010 there were 47,236 head registered in Italy, of which more than 90% were in Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio; it is, after the Marchigiana, the second indigenous beef breed of Italy.^[16]

Uses

The Chianina is a dual purpose breed, raised both for meat and for draught use;^[17] the milk is barely sufficient for suckling.^[3]

Draught use

Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Livorno, Perugia, Pisa (parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of Caserta, Latina and Terni. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the mezzadri.^[12] A typical casa colonica or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above.

At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia.^[12]

The oxen, both male and female, were invariably worked in pairs, yoked with a type of neck yoke. Today Chianina oxen are rarely seen in Italy other than at public events such as the Palio di Siena.

In the North America Chianina oxen are trained for participation in ox-pulling contests. Conroy shows a pair pulling 6045 kg (13330 lb) on a stoneboat.^[18]

Meat production

In beef production, Chianina cattle are chosen for their growth rate, which may exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb) per day,^[1] the high yield and high quality of the meat, and their tolerance of heat and sunlight. They are good foragers and are resistant to disease and insects to a greater degree than many other domesticated cattle. Thanks to these qualities the Chianina breed is present in many countries such as Brazil, where there are many thousands.

The ideal slaughter weight is 650–700 kg (1400–1500 lb), reached at 16–18 months, where the yield may be 64–65%. The meat is renowned for its quality and nutritional values.^[1] In Italy it is sold by name at premium prices by approved butchers, the sales receipt detailing the breed, birth and slaughter dates, identification number and other data of the animal in order to guarantee its origin.^[19] Each of the 18 principal cuts is branded with the "5R" symbol of the Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane (consortium of producers of quality beef from Italian breeds), signifying the five indigenous beef breeds of Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana, the Maremmana, the Romagnola and the Podolica, in accordance with a ministerial decree of 5 July 1984. For the three breeds present in central Italy, the Chianina, Marchigiana and Romagnola, there is also an Indicazione Geographica Protetta, or certification of region of origin, in accordance with European Community regulation 2081/92.^[15]

Cross-breeding

The Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding, most notably with Nelore cattle in Latin America. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with English breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it been used to transmit size, growth rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local breeds.^[12] It has been found to transmit well qualities such as growth rate, meat quality, resistance to heat and cold and to insects and disease, and adaptation to rough terrain.^[20] Stock cross-bred with the Chianina may reach slaughter weight a month earlier than normal.^[17] In 1971 semen was first exported to the United States, where there are now many half-blood and quarter-blood animals.^[20] The first American Chianina x Angus calf was born on 31 January 1972 at Tannehill Ranch, near King City, California. Within four years the American Chianina Association had established a Chiangus register, since when the Chiangus has achieved "all but total dominance" in U.S. steer shows. Chianina semen was first imported into Australia in 1973, from Canada; it has since been imported directly from Italy. The Chiangus is an established cross in Australia also.^[21]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} "La Chianina" (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). http://www.anabic.it/index1.htm. Retrieved May 2011. 
2. ^ "Chianina". Oklahoma State University Dept. of Animal Science. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/chianina/. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Chianina" (in Italian). Atlante delle razze bovine - Razze da carne. http://www.agraria.org/razzebovinecarne/chianina.htm. Retrieved May 2011. "Atlas of bovine breeds - meat breeds" 
4. ^ ^{a b} "Standards di razza: Chianina" (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). http://www.anabic.it/servizio_tecnico/st52it.htm. Retrieved May 2011. "Breed standards: Chianina" 
5. ^ L. Iunius Moderatus Columella (c. 55 AD). "De Re Rustica, Liber Sextus" (in Latin). De Re Rustica. The Latin Library. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columella/columella.rr6.shtml. Retrieved May 2011. 
6. ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (1745). L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors. London: A. Millar. p. 258. http://books.google.com/books?id=qcNbAAAAMAAJ. 
7. ^ Spender, Matthew (1992). Within Tuscany. London [u.a.]: Viking. ISBN 0670838365. 
8. ^ Beattie, William A. (1990). Beef Cattle Breeding & Management. Popular Books, Frenchs Forest. ISBN 0-7301-0040-5. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Sargentini, Prof. Clara. "La Razza Chianina" (in Italian). La Razza Chianina: valore del passato–patrimonio del futuro. http://www.lamiaterradisiena.it/Bettolle/chianina.htm. "The Chianina Breed" 
10. ^ Marchi, E. (1901, cited by Mazzetti 1996) (in Italian). Relazione sull'indirizzo necessario per il miglioramento razionale della razza bovina di Val di Chiana. Firenze. "Report on the measures necessary for the rational improvement of the cattle breed of the Val Di Chiana" 
11. ^ Mazzetti, Lucia; Ezio Marchi - lo scienziato 'amico degli allevatori' (May 2008). (in Italian)Quaderni sinalunghesi XVIII (2). http://www.tenutalafratta.it/ezio_marchi.html. Retrieved May 2011. "Ezio Marchi, scientist and 'friend of the farmers'" 
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} Focacci, Aldo (June 2006). "Storia e situazione attuale dei bovini chianini" (in Italian). Eurocarni (Edizioni Pubblicità Italia) (6): 123. http://www.pubblicitaitalia.com/eurocarni/2006/6/6717.html. "History and present situation of Chianina cattle" 
13. ^ Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978
14. ^ Mazzetti, Lucia (September 1996). "La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana". Quaderni Sinalunghesi VII (1). http://www.tenutalafratta.it/la_chianina.html. "La Fratta in the Tuscan farming system" 
15. ^ ^{a b} "La Razza Chianina" (in Italian). http://www.razzachianina.it/origini.php. Retrieved May 2011. "The Chianina Breed: origins" 
16. ^ "Consistenze" (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). http://www.anabic.it/index1.htm. Retrieved May 2011. "Numbers and composition" 
17. ^ ^{a b} "La Razza Chianina" (in Italian). http://www.razzachianina.it/caratteristiche.php. Retrieved May 2011. "The Chianina Breed: characteristics" 
18. ^ Conroy, Drew. "Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare". World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies. http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf. Retrieved May 2011. 
19. ^ "Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane". Il mondo agricolo. http://www.agricultura.it/dettagli_azienda.php?ID=297. Retrieved May 2011. "Consortium of producers of quality beef from Italian breeds" 
20. ^ ^{a b} Gillespie, James R.; Flanders, Frank B. (2010). Modern livestock and poultry production (8th ed. ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 251. ISBN 9781428318083. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Z9o_vGPP4cC. Retrieved May 2011. 
21. ^ Chianina Society of Australia. "Chianina History". University of New England. http://chianina.une.edu.au/about.htm. Retrieved May 2011. 

External links

• photograph of Donetto, the heaviest bull in the world, c. 1955
• History of the Chianina Breed - Oklahoma State University
• Chianina Breed Information - Cattle.com
• Imposing animals at the end of video

Bibliography

• Borgioli, Elvio and Aldo Olivetti Origini, evoluzione e prospettive attuali e future della razza bovina chianina Edagricole 1975 (in Italian)