Argentine beef

Beef is a key component of traditional Argentine cuisine.

Current situation

Argentina has the world's highest consumption rate of beef, at 68 kg a year per capita. In 2006, livestock farmers kept between 50 and 55 million head of cattle, mostly in the fertile pastures of the Pampas. The country is currently the third largest beef exporter in the world after Brazil and Australia. The national government applies a 15% tax on beef exports and has applied further restrictions since March 2006 to keep domestic prices low.

History

Cattle were first introduced into Argentina in 1536 by Spanish Conquistadors. Due to the geographic conditions on the Pampas and an insufficiently large internal market, the cattle multiplied rapidly. Railway construction within Argentina and the invention of refrigerated trains and ships in the late 19th century created an external export market and Argentina's beef export industry started to thrive. The reversed seasons between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meant that Argentine beef came onto the market at a time of year when beef was less readily available in the Northern Hemisphere, which further increased the potential export market in the United States and European markets.

Following the increasing demand for high quality beef, new breeds and selective crossbreeding have been developed.

Argentine beef and its production have played a major part in the Culture of Argentina, from the "asado" to the history of the "gauchos" of the Pampas. Landowners became wealthy from beef production and export, and "estancia" owners built large houses, important buildings in Buenos Aires and elsewhere, and contributed to politics, philanthropy and society. The agricultural show "La Rural" each winter in Buenos Aires became a major part of the social season since it started in 1886.

Foot-and-mouth disease crisis

Argentina's cattle industry had become one of the most important economic factors of the country, as worldwide, Argentina had become the fourth largest beef exporter. As such, it was devastating news when, in 2001, for the first time after 60 years, new cases of foot-and-mouth diseases (FMD) were announced. Although FMD is in most cases harmless to people, it is a highly contagious (between animals) viral disease which requires the slaughter of infected animals. Argentine beef was banned by more than 60 countries, including the United States and Canada, as they were afraid of allowing the disease to spread among their own cattle.

After an aggressive vaccination programme, the OIE (Office International des Epizooties) declared in 2003 that Argentina had regained "foot-and-mouth free with vaccination" status. A few years later, new cases of FMD were discovered in a herd of cattle in a northern province of Argentina. As a result, Chile banned the import of Argentine meat.

Current export restrictions

On 8 March 2006, after unsuccessfully trying to control the rising prices of beef in the internal market (26% since the beginning of that year), the Argentine government banned beef exports for 180 days (with the exception of pre-arranged shipments and the Hilton Quota). On 26 May, the ban was replaced by a quota, to be in force between June and November, equivalent to 40% of the amount of beef exported in the same period of 2005.

These measures met harsh criticism from livestock farmers, the meat processing industry, and the export sector; some analysts have said that it will be useless in the long term and harm Argentina's international image, besides causing large monetary losses. Other analysts have said it is the only adequate measure that deals with inflation and that the industry is the only one in Argentina profitable enough to sustain such a policy.

Labelling

Food Safety or Quality labels are rarely used in Argentina and a major initiative has been called for on this issue. There is no label certified by the government. The unsatisfactory situation concerning Food Safety becomes immediately clear by looking at the fact that the Argentine National Inspection Services audited and approved only 35 slaughterhouses in 2003 on Good Manufacturing Practices and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP).

However, farmers as well as the export industry started to realize that there is a steadily increasing demand for safer and more reliable brands. To meet customer expectations, several initiatives have been taken. There are certificates handed out by private organizations, such as breed associations. For instance, the Argentine Angus Association established a "Carne Angus Certificada" to ensure that only meat coming from an Angus is described as Angus. Furthermore, the association supports other certificates like the "Ternero Angus Certificado".

Besides the breed associations, different pilot projects have been initiated. The "Pampas Del Salado" project is an example of these; its approach has been to ear-tag calves in order to assure their origin and quality. However, most of those projects have only scant participation; certificates and labels will only gain reputation and acceptance among consumers only if there is a sufficiently large percentage of producers participating.

Promotion of Argentine beef

In order to increase sales in foreign countries and to improve the production and reliability of beef produced in Argentina, a public non-governmental organization, the IPCVA ("Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina"— The Argentine Beef Promotion Institute) was founded in December 2001. Furthermore, the IPCVA is also concerned with promotional work in Argentina itself.

The IPCVA is made up of a range of partners involved in Argentine Beef production and export, from experienced cattle farmers to managers. This broad expertise in various fields aims to allow the IPCVA to organize beef production and beef sales professionally. As a fairly young institution, the IPCVA has had to define an image which allows the identification of the main product, beef. Three key factors influence this
Unique selling propositions).

International and national promotion

Several activities have been undertaken to make Argentine beef better known in the world:

* The IPCVA participated in the International Food and Drink Exhibition (IFE) held in London, United Kingdom in March.

*An Argentine Beef Festival was arranged last February in Helsinki, Finland. In order to promote the product, a big Banquet was held at the Helsinki Oasis Hotel with the Argentine Ambassador.
*Representatives of the IPCVA traveled to Washington DC, USA to negotiate a special contract to ease export of Argentine Beef to the North American market.
*Qualitative soundings are being developed in the main cities of the European Union to better know consumers' preferences in order to design specific promotion campaigns.

However, with the export restrictions for beef set by the Argentine government, these measures may be of little use. Therefore, the IPCVA also focuses on promotion work in Argentina:
*The IPCVA is developing the first beef consumption map in Argentina. Through complete research of the domestic market, an "X-Ray" of the beef consumption in the whole country will be set up and used for marketing and promotion purposes

*"Las Leonas' Secret"—Las Leonas, the Argentine women's field hockey team, has a contract with the IPCVA to eat Argentine beef. This prestigious sport is seen as key to promoting the meat, especially because prestige is one of the key factors of the Argentine beef image.

Funding of the IPCVA

These huge promotions are expensive. Therefore the IPCVA arranged to get the following contributions for its budget:

*1.25 Argentine pesos from producers per killed animal
*0.55 Argentine pesos from packers per packed animal

This adds up to 1.80 Argentine pesos per slaughtered animal. At a killing rate of 13 million animals per year, it totals 23,400,000 Argentine pesos. This is a budget of around €6,325,000 per year (March 28, 2006).

Goals of the IPCVA

The long term goals of the IPCVA are described as follows on their website:

*Identify and create demand for Argentine beef products in domestic and foreign markets.
*Design and develop marketing strategies to improve Argentine beef products' competitiveness overseas.
*Plan and develop promotion strategies to contribute to the improvement of domestic consumption levels.
*Work to consolidate Argentine beef quality and security, contributing to the efficiency of productive and industrial processes."

The IPCVA has become a major instrument to improve the international competitiveness of Argentine beef.

Quality of Argentine beef

Beef quality is dependent on the diet provided to cattle and their living conditions. The two different diets used for beef in Argentina are grass and feedlots.

Argentina's rainfall and largely temperate climate result in high quality pastures, which may, however, not be suitable for more intensive agriculture. The Humid Pampa ("Pampa Húmeda") is the most important and best-known cattle-producing region, as it has vast and open pastures. Grass-fed beef is believed to be healthier than beef from feedlots, as it contains less saturated fat and more omega 3 fatty acids than grain-fed beef, and so does not contribute so much to raising cholesterol in humans. Although the latter diet is increasing, grass-fed beef is still the most popular in Argentina.

Grass-fed cattle are living under more natural conditions, and are less likely to have hormone implants. On the other hand, the technique requires large amounts of expensive land and a larger number of trained staff. Additionally, it takes longer to raise the animal.

As beef is increasingly mass-produced, farming techniques with the ultimate goal of fattening the animals are evolving; the most common of these is grain-fed beef cattle held in feedlots. But as the animals, denied physical effort and stocked together, get fatter; beer is often used to calm them. In order to prevent disease on farms and feedlots, the animals are fed antibiotics. The feedlot diet guarantees constant and controlled results, year-round productivity as it is not as dependent on climate and does not require so much land. Taking into consideration all these factors, it is thus the cheaper diet, but there are suggestions it is less beneficial for the welfare of the animals and for the health-giving qualities and flavour of the meat.

tatistics

It can be said that Argentina produces annually about two 240-gram steaks per person worldwide and has six steaks more standing on its pastures.

Domestic market and export

The high consumption per capita shows that beef is profoundly integrated into traditional Argentine cuisine. In fact, no other country eats more beef per capita than Argentina.However, as can be seen, beef exports are not an essential part of the Argentine economy. This is in large part because Argentina consumes most of its beef and the industry has not oriented itself to an export industry. A secondary reason is that the rules and regulations on beef import of the customer countries. However, these rules were not always in place in previous years/decades and Argentina still did not become a massive exporter of beef. For instance, Argentina and the United States agreed on an annual quota of 20,000 tonnes.

Even while beef exports are not crucial for the Argentine economy, Argentina has been a major player in the world beef market for many years.

Cattle breeds

horthorn

Originally from northeast England, the shorthorn was introduced to Argentina in 1826 and was the first foreign breed to enter the country. As in many other countries, Argentina's selection was designated to produce not only meat but milk as well.

Nowadays, Argentina's Shorthorn breed has been bred to greatly improve its meat quality thanks to hybridisation (crossbreeding) as has been demonstrated at the National Agropecuarian Technology Center.

Characteristics: considerable size; wide back and forequarters. A couple of centuries ago, they used to lack symmetry and uniformity. [http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_shorthorn.html]

Hereford

Produced with the objective of responding to England's food market expansion during Britain's industrial revolution the Hereford is known for its high yield of beef. It was first introduced to Argentina in 1858, and is characterized by its juice and flavor consistency.Just as the Argentina's Shorthorn has evolved, so did the Argentine Hereford through crossbreeding with local breeds.

Characteristics: high yield of beef; wide back; early maturity; rustling ability and hardiness. [http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_hereford.html]

Aberdeen Angus

Originally from Scotland, the Aberdeen Angus was first introduced to Argentina by Don Carlos Guerrero in 1879. They are generally found in temperate climates. Instead of focusing on crossbreeding in order to strength their qualities, Argentine farmers decided to focus on a purebred evolution based on natural and high-quality nutrition.

Characteristics: maternal skills; highly fertile; growth capacity; climate adaptation; thin skin; short and smooth hair. [http://www.angus.org.ar/]

Holando-Argentina

Derived from the Holstein, it was first introduced from The Netherlands in 1880, to the fertile regions the Pampas, and devoted to the production of both beef and milk.

Zebu

Originally from India, the Zebu is an animal used for pulling loads. Many different breeds can be found spread over the world since they were crossbred in order to pass on their tolerance to hot weather and strength.

Characteristics: light colored; clear hump between the shoulders; large horns; hot climate and insect tolerance. [http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/]

Charolais

Brough to Argentina around 1910, the Charolais breed is originally from France. Focusing on size and strength, farmers paid little attention to their quality of meat and therefore to refinement. Characteristics: wide opened and round horns; long and tall; projecting shoulders and deep hips. [http://www.lavache.com/vamonde/images/france/charol/charolais.jpg]

Recipes with Argentine beef

Beef is traditionally cooked over charcoal flame (as an "asado") and served often as part of a wider selection of grilled meat, with chimichurri as a relish.

General Treatment and cooking of beef meat

The following points are a summary how to treat and cook beef meat correctly. These guidelines were set up by the IPCVA (Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina).

*To ease cooking and to make the meat lighter, fat should be removed except for pieces that are to be grilled.
*For the eye round, totally separate the outside fat, and remove the film that covers it with a sharp knife. Then season the beef before cooking it.
*To cook beef brown the meat on all sides. Then take it out of the pan, and add it again once the liquid of the recipe is being added.
*In order not to lose the beef's natural juices once arranged in the platter, paint the meat with its own juice, or use the juice as ingredient for the sauce.
*When doing the beef in the oven always seal the meat first. This stops the loss of juices. (Seal in a Frying pan, or in the oven at high heat)
*To freeze beef, freeze quantities that you will be able to use for future meals. Preferably cut the beef in small pieces to freeze it. This way it will be easier to defrost it, and the fibres will not break.
*Cooked meat should be frozen with its sauce.

References

* [http://www.foodproductiondaily-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=66375-argentina-beef-exports Argentina suspends beef exports]
* [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-ANIMAL-HUSBANDRY.html Animal Husbandry]

External links

*de iconhttp://www.carilat.de/suedamerika/argentinien/landwirtschaft.htm
*en icon [http://www.american.edu/TED/argbeef.htm TED Case Studies]
*http://www.ifama.org/conferences/2003Conference/papers/jatibFOOD.pdf
*http://www.angus.org.ar
*http://www.ifama.org/conferences/2005Conference/Symp_Presentations/CaseConference/2I_Palau.ppt#270,14,7) Final remarks
*http://www.angus.org.ar/carne.htm
*http://www.viarural.com.ar/viarural.com.ar/ganaderia/asociaciones/shorthorn/default.htm
*http://www.spectrumcommodities.com/education/commodity/statistics/cattle.html
*http://www.inta.gov.ar/ins/en/agriculture.htm
*http://www.hereford.org.ar/
*http://www.viarural.com.ar/viarural.com.ar/ganaderia/asociaciones/charolais/ingles.html
*http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/
*http://www.lavache.com/vamonde/images/france/charol/charolais.jpg
*http://www2.onleben.t-online.de/dyn/c/90/58/24/9058246.html
*http://www.argentinebeef.org.ar
*http://www.ipcva.com.ar/eng/
*http://www.napavintners.com/news/Temporary%20stuff/150%20dpi/Beef%20Tenderloin150.jpg
*http://www.slowfoodsiena.it/foto2/ungheria_olga_gulash.jpg

Books and newspapers

*Pauli "Classical Cooking the Modern Way"
*"The Wall Street Journal", New York, February 13 2006
*"The Economist", London, March 18 2006, pg 69
*"Wall Street Journal" (Eastern Edition): Argentine Cows Plan Moved to Feedlots: Turner, Taos; New York, NY; September 1, 2004; pg. 1