Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition

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The Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition was an 1812–13 joint Mexican-American filibustering expedition against Spanish Texas during the early years of the Mexican War of Independence.

Background

In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla began a revolt against the Royalist Spanish in Mexico, which would initiate the Mexican War of Independence. Likewise, in 1811, Juan Bautista de las Casas led a revolt against Spain at San Antonio, capturing the Spanish governor.^[1] The Spanish struck back, however, crushing the revolt. Governor Manuel María de Salcedo was restored to power. Father Hidalgo was executed in July, in Chihuahua, while de las Casas and his associates were executed in August.^[2]

The remaining rebels then turned to the United States for help. Nuevo Santander blacksmith Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara traveled to Washington, D.C., but received little more than the knowledge that the U.S. government would not interfere with his efforts. After trying the government's patience, he entertained the idea for a filibuster, consulting as many who would listen, including his cousin Guerro Caja de las Casas. They both traveled to Louisiana to seek support for their filibuster. In New Orleans, they met Governor William C. C. Claiborne and William Shaler.

The expedition

Gutiérrez gained the support of Augustus W. Magee and formed a force of 130 men at Nachitoches, Louisiana. In early August, The men then crossed into Spanish Texas, and captured the town of Nacogdoches.^[3] In Texas their numbers increased to 300, and they proceeded to take the town of Santísima Trinidad de Salcedo, (now Midway, Texas) on September 13. Their success would push them on. They traveled south, to conquer the next Spanish stronghold.

The Spanish governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, with about 800 men, was patrolling the Guadalupe River area, in search of the revolutionaries. He later found them on the lower San Antonio River at Goliad. They had easily taken and were controlling the Spanish fort there, Presidio La Bahia.^[4] Magee was besieged for four months. Magee negotiated with the Spanish leaders and considered surrender, but finally decided to fight. However, Magee's army lost confidence in him, and discord spread among the republican leaders. Then, tragedy struck Magee and he died on February 6, 1813. Samuel Kemper succeeded to the command. Captain John McFarland was sent to find new recruits, volunteers from Nacogdoches; Spanish army defectors and a few Coushatta Indians joined in.

Kemper beat back the governor's attacks. On February 10 and 13, Kemper successfully defeated Salcedo, who retreated toward San Antonio on February 19.^[5] In March, Kemper's forces again swelled, by some 500 men. The expedition would pursue the Spanish, now in Bexar. Joining the Republican Army in the pursuit to San Antonio were volunteers, consisting of Americans, Tejanos, former Spanish soldiers, Lipan and Tonkawa Indians. On March 29, they defeated Simón de Herrera's Spanish army of 1,200 men, at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (Salado Creek). Governor Salcedo surrendered on April 1, 1813.

Gutiérrez suggested the prisoners be sent to the United States for safe keeping. But, as the prisoners were marched out of town by Captain Antonio Delgado, they were halted, tied to trees and killed. On April 6, the Republican Army drafted a declaration of independence, establishing the first Republic of Texas and adopted a solid "Green Flag" for a banner. Gutiérrez declared himself President of the new Republic.

Because of poor judgement, Gutiérrez would lose the confidence of Kemper and the other Americans. His proclamation and allowing the execution of the Spanish governor and other officials, proved to be too much. Kemper ended up quitting and led about 100 Americans back to Louisiana and took no further part. The Republicans looked for a new leader.

Colonel Ignacio Elizondo and General José Joaquín de Arredondo would take charge of the Spanish effort to secure Texas. Elizondo would lay siege to San Antonio with 900 men. Without Kemper's leadership, the rebels suffered from internal divisions. First Rueben Ross took command, but was unsupported and dropped to second in command. The job next fell to United States Colonel Henry Perry. On June 20, Perry routed Elizondo's troops in a dawn attack, at the Battle of Alazan Creek, once again freeing the Spanish hold on San Antonio.

The splintered Spanish Army would have to regroup.

The success of the Republican Army began to stir additional support. Now interested in the conflict was José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois, who had been consulted at the beginning of the filibuster. He proceeded into San Antonio on August 1, with the desire to take charge of the Texians and confront Arredondo. Advising was United States special agent William Shaler. Shaler and José Álvarez de Toledo would team up and initiate a propaganda campaign against organizer Gutiérrez. The Americans, convinced that Gutiérrez was not concerned with their interests, threatened to leave unless Gutiérrez was replaced. Gutiérrez would exit for Natchitoches on August 6, which ultimately saved his life. In his absence, Toledo took charge.

The Republican Army's dissension persisted. Some Texians liked their new leader, while others didn't. Toledo wanted to fight the Spanish in Bexar, but was persuaded by Perry and San Antonians to spare the city and march out to surprise the Spanish. Colonel José Menchaca, (a former Spanish officer, now leader of the Tejanos), being opposed to Toledo as their leader, instigated discord, slowing Álvarez de Toledo's advance against the Spanish. The Republican leader, Toledo was not able to make his move upon the Royalists until August 15.

This situation would end up badly for the Texians. Even though they had decisively won at the battle of Alazán and now had a large force, (composed of 1400 Americans, Tejanos, Spanish, Indians, and Blacks), they would suffer a crushing defeat on August 18, 1813, at the Battle of Medina. Toledo had planned on surprising the Spanish, however when he moved upon them, it turned into an unintentional ambush. Toledo tried to turn the men around, but Colonel José Menchaca had chosen to fight till the death. By chasing what appeared to be the main body of the Spaniards, they would end up surrounded. For in the meantime, Arredondo and Elizondo had reorganized a force of 1800 and were ready to fight. The Gutiérrez-Magee expedition would end with a terrible loss of some 1300 men. Toledo and a few of the men were able to flee to the United States.^[6]

The Spanish would recapture San Antonio and conduct a brutal reprisal, executing over 300 people. The situation in Nacogdoches was hardly any better, where the Spanish were brutally purging the rebels. On September 12, however, Elizondo's ruthlessness was ended, when he was assassinated by one of his own officers.

The repercussions and vengeance of the Spanish caused many to flee Texas, and they would never fully come to trust the Spanish Royals again. San Antonio natives and future signers of the 1836 Texas Declaration of Independence, José Francisco Ruiz and José Antonio Navarro, were among those who fled Texas.^[7] Texas would remain a hot spot for revolution and filibusters for years to come.

See also

• Battle of Medina
• History of Texas
• Samuel Kemper
• Reuben Kemper

References

1. ^ Almaráz, p. 118.
2. ^ Almaráz, p. 120-124.
3. ^ Almaráz (1971), p. 159.
4. ^ Almaráz (1971), p. 164.
5. ^ Almaráz (1971), p. 168.
6. ^ Edmonson (2000), p. 42.
7. ^ Edmonson (2000), p. 38.

• Almaráz, Félix D., Jr. (1971), Tragic Cavalier: Governor Manuel Salcedo of Texas, 1808–1813 (2nd ed.), College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 089096503X 
• del la Teja, Jesus (1991), A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin, Austin, TX: State House Press, ISBN 0-938349-68-6 
• Edmondson, J.R. (2000), The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0 
• Morón Villarreal, Jesus; Gutiérrez and Magee, Tex-Mex heroes; Houston, Tex. : J. Morón Villarreal, 1995. OCLC 39126265
• Walker, Henry P; William McLane's narrative of the Magee-Gutierrez expedition, 1812-1813; Austin, Tex. : Texas State Historical Assoc., 1962–1963. OCLC 30688594

External links

• Expedition in the Handbook of Texas
• Governor Salcedo