Silver arowana

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Osteoglossiformes
Family:	Osteoglossidae
Subfamily:	Osteoglossinae
Genus:	Osteoglossum
Species:	O. bicirrhosum
Binomial name
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier (ex Vandelli), 1829

The silver arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, sometimes spelled arawana, is a freshwater bony fish of the family Osteoglossidae, commonly kept in aquaria. The term "Osteoglossum" means "bone-tongued" and "bicirrhosum" means "two barbels" (from the Greek language).

Description

This species is found in the Amazon River basin and in the Rupununi and Oyapock Rivers in South America as well as in still waters in Guyana.

This fish has relatively large scales, a long body, and a tapered tail, with the dorsal and anal fins extending all the way to the small caudal fin, with which they are nearly fused. It can grow to a maximum size of 90 centimetres (35 in).^[1] Unlike the Black arowana, Silver arowanas have the same coloring throughout their lifespan.

The species is also called monkey fish because of its ability to jump out of the water and capture its prey. It usually swims near the water surface waiting for potential prey. Although specimens have been found with the remains of birds, bats, and snakes in their stomachs, its main diet consists of crustaceans, insects, smaller fishes and other animals that float on the water surface, for which its draw-bridge-like mouth is exclusively adapted for feeding.

Arowana are sometimes called Dragon Fish by aquarists because their shiny armor-like scales and double barbels are reminiscent of descriptions of dragons in Asian folklore.

Conservation status

The Silver Arowana is currently not listed on any CITES appendix ^[2] nor on the 2004 IUCN Red List.^[3] It is one of the most popular ornamental fish from South America, however, and therefore its conservation status merits attention.^[4]

As reported by Environment News Service in August 2005, shared use of the Silver Arowana population was a cause for a dispute between Brazilian and Colombian authorities. Juvenile Silver Arowanas are caught in Colombia for sale as aquarium fish, while the people of Brazilian Amazonia catch adult fish for food. A sharp drop in the number of arowanas had caused Brazilian authorities to prohibit fishing of them between September 1 and November 15; the Colombians, on their part, would prohibit capturing them between November 1 and March 15. ^[5]

The Silver Arowana is often kept as a pet by experienced aquarist, being considered an accessible substitute for the Asian arowana, which is listed on CITES Appendix I and is therefore difficult and expensive to obtain legally.

Aquarium fish

Silver arowana are primarily surface dwellers.

Aquaria

To keep one of these large fish, a properly sized aquarium is important. The minimum recommendable tank size for one adult Silver Arowana is 300 gallons (8'X3'). At no time should an arowana be kept in a tank that is narrower and shorter than the length of the fish! A young specimen can be kept in a smaller tank, but as it grows a larger tank will be necessary to prevent deformities and to ensure the maximum length and life span of the animal.

Any aquarium housing an arowana should be tightly covered because of these fishes' jumping behavior.

Water conditions

Silver Arowana prefer soft water with a pH level between 6.0 and neutral. Strong filtration is necessary for these large carnivores. Commercially available black water additives can help simulate the Silver Arowana's natural habitat, although they can adapt to most water supplies and thrive. A 25-30% water change, siphoning waste and other detritus, is necessary 1-2 times every week to maintain excellent water conditions. The water temperature should range from 24°C (75°F) to 28°C (82°F), with the ideal about 26°C (79°F).

A silver arowana variation known as "Snow arowana" or "Platinum arowana" caused by leucism (reduced pigmentation). From The 6th "Pramong Nomjai Thaituala" Thailand Tropical Fish Competition 2007.

Feeding

Silver Arowana may be offered meaty foods such as insects, shrimp, fish, beef heart, frogs, etc, though it is best to feed the Arowana a brand of floating pellet food that has been specifically processed for fish of this type. There are several types of food on the market from some of the larger name brand makers of fish products that are made with this species in mind. Feeding the Arowana in this manner will help avoid dropeye, a condition in which one of the eyes are turned downward. In the wild, the Arowana spends most of its life scanning the water surface for prey, but it will learn in an aquarium environment to look downwards for food that sinks to the bottom of its tank. Over time, one eye will permanently droop downwards. However some Arowana fed exclusively on floating food pellets have also developed sudden dropeye after violently colliding with the tank. Another condition that can develop is "cloudy eye"; one or both of the eyes become scratched when the Arowana turns itself sideways to collect food from the bottom, causing them to cloud over. The cloudy eye condition is treatable, while the drop eye condition is not. Keeping an Arowana almost exclusively on a pellet diet will not only provide the fish with a well balanced meal, it is more cost effective and will generally prevent health issues. Many aquarists recommend against live feeder fish because these are often raised in poor conditions and are capable of transmitting diseases to predatory fish. Other risks include injury to the Arowana either while attempting to catch the feeder fish, or while swallowing. Mealworm exoskeletons are sometimes difficult for young Arowana to digest, so they are best avoided.

Tankmates

Silver Arowana can be kept with other freshwater fish as long as they are too large to fit in the arowana's mouth and can tolerate the arowanas active-swimming lifestyle. Many people like having more than one Arowana in the tank; in this case, hobbyists recommend keeping at least 5 to 6 in the tank at a time because Silver Arowana are very aggressive towards each other.

See also

• List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

1. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Osteoglossum bicirrhosum" in FishBase. 3 2006 version.
2. ^ CITES Appendices
3. ^ IUCN Red List
4. ^ International meeting on ornamental fish boosts regional conservation and sustainable resource management initiatives (WWF)
5. ^ Brazil, Colombia at Odds Over Silver Amazon Fish. A meeting between the representatives of the Amazon Basin countries in August 2005 was meant to discuss the dispute.

• "Osteoglossum bicirrhosum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161894. Retrieved 19 March 2006. 

See also

• Arowana
• Asian arowana