Bay of Plenty

The Bay of Plenty ( _mi. Te Moana-a-Toi), often abbreviated to BoP, is a region in the North Island of New Zealand situated around the body of water of the same name. The bay was named by James Cook after he noticed the abundant food supplies at several Māori villages there, in stark contrast to the earlier observations he had made in Poverty Bay.

In the 2006 Census, the Bay of Plenty had an estimated resident population of 257,379, making it the fifth-most populous region in New Zealand.cite web | publisher = Statistics New Zealand | title = QuickStats About Bay of Plenty Region | work = 2006 Census | url = http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/census-outputs/quickstats/snapshotplace2.htm?id=1000004&type=region&ParentID | accessdate = 2008-02-26] The region also has the third-highest regional population density in New Zealand, with only the 11th-largest land area. The major population centres in the region are Tauranga, Rotorua and Whakatane. The Bay of Plenty is also one of the fastest growing regions in New Zealand: the regional population increased by 7.5% between 2001 to 2006, with significant growth along the coastal and western parts of the region, and is projected to increase to 277,900 by the year 2011.

Significant horticultural, forestry and tourism industries are well established in the region. However, the Bay of Plenty is also the third-most economically deprived region in New Zealand, with the Opotiki, Whakatane and Kawerau Districts being among the most deprived in the country.cite web | author = Environment Bay of Plenty | title = Bay of Plenty Regional Land Transport Strategy | month = September | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2008-02-28 | pages = pp 15–32 | url = http://www.envbop.govt.nz/media/pdf/Strategy_Regionallandtransportstrategy.pdf]

History

According to local Māori traditions, the Bay of Plenty was the landing point of several migration canoes that brought Māori settlers to New Zealand. These include the "Mataatua", "Nukutere", "Tākitimu" and "Arawa" canoes, as well as the "Tainui" canoe. Many of the descendent iwi maintain their traditional homelands ("rohe") in the region, including Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, Te Whakatōhea, Ngāi Tai, Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau, Te Arawa, Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngāti Ranginui and Ngāti Pūkenga.cite web | last = McKinnon | first = Malcolm | title = Bay of Plenty | publisher = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | url = http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/Places/BayOfPlenty/BayOfPlenty/en | date = 2007-09-27 | accessdate = 2008-02-25] Early Māori settlement gave rise to many regional town and city names used today.

The first recorded European contact in the Bay of Plenty came when James Cook sailed through the bay in 1769. Cook noted the abundance of food supplies, in comparison to Poverty Bay further back along the eastern coast of the North Island. Further reports of European contact are scarce prior to the arrival of missionary Samuel Marsden to the Tauranga area in 1820. During the 1820s and 1830s, northern iwi including Ngā Puhi invaded the Bay of Plenty during their campaign throughout the North Island, fighting local Māori tribes in what became known as the Musket Wars. However, the 1830s and 1840s saw increased contact between Bay of Plenty Māori and Europeans through trade, [cite web | title = Our History | publisher = Tourism Bay of Plenty | url = http://www.bayofplentynz.com/Tourism_Bay_Of_Plenty/OUR_HISTORY_IDL=3_IDT=1378_ID=7947_.html | accessdate = 2008-02-25] although few Europeans settled in the region. Missionary activity in the region also increased during this time. In 1853, New Zealand was subdivided into provinces, with the present-day region incorporated into Auckland Province.

Conflict returned to the Bay of Plenty during the 1860s with the New Zealand Land Wars. Initial conflicts in the region stemmed from Tauranga iwi supporting the Waikato iwi in their conflict with the government. In retaliation, British Crown and government-allied Māori forces attacked the Tauranga iwi, including at the famous Battle of Gate Pā in 1864. Further conflict with the government arose in 1865 when German missionary Carl Völkner and interpreter James Fulloon were killed by local Māori at Opotiki and Whakatane, respectively. The ensuing conflict resulted in the confiscation of considerable land from several Bay of Plenty iwi by the government.

Confiscated Māori land in the Bay of Plenty deprived local iwi of economic resources (among other things), and also provided land for expanding European settlement. The government established fortified positions across the region, including at Tauranga, Whakatane and Opotiki. European settlers arrived throughout the latter half of the 19th century, establishing settlements in Katikati, Te Puke and the Rangitaiki area. In 1876, settlements were incorporated into counties following the nationwide dissolution of the provincial system. Initial settlements in the region struggled: the regional climate was ill-suited to sheep farming and the geography was inaccessible, further hindered by a lack of infrastructure. By the end of the century the regional population had started to dwindle. However, after experimenting with different crops, local settlers found success with dairy production. Dairy factories sprang up across the Bay of Plenty in the 1900s, with butter and cheese feeding economic prosperity throughout the early 20th century; local Māori continued to live on the fringe of this prosperity. Timber also became a major export in the 1950s, and later, kiwifruit.

The present Bay of Plenty region was formed in 1989 after a nationwide review and shakeup of top-level local government in New Zealand. The new region incorporated the former counties of Tauranga, Rotorua, Whakatane and Opotiki.

Governance

The region is subdivided into territorial authorities, which include the Western Bay of Plenty District, Tauranga City, Whakatane District, Kawerau District and Opotiki District, as well as parts of Rotorua District and the town of Rangitaiki in Taupo District.

Environment Bay of Plenty, otherwise known as the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, is the administrative body responsible for overseeing regional land use, environmental management and civil defence in the region. The regional council also oversees local-tier governing councils for each of the territorial authorities. In 1989, Whakatane was selected as the seat for the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, as a compromise between the two dominant cities of Tauranga and Rotorua. However, in 2007 it was decided that Tauranga would assume this role.cite web | title = Environment Bay of Plenty: About Us | url = http://www.ebop.govt.nz/About-us/About-Us.asp | accessdate = 2008-03-03]

Geography

The Bay of Plenty region covers 12,200 km² of land and 9,500 km² of coastal marine area.cite web | title = Our Region | publisher = Environment Bay of Plenty | url = http://www.ebop.govt.nz/Our-Region.asp | accessdate = 2008-03-03] The region extends along the eastern coast of the North Island, from the base of the Coromandel Peninsula in the west to Cape Runaway in the east. It extends 12 nautical miles from the mainland coastline, and also extends from the coastlines of several islands in the bay, notably Mayor Island/Tuhua, Motiti Island, Whale Island and the active volcano of Whakaari/White Island. The region extends inland to the sparsely populated forest lands around Rotorua and Murupara.

The geographical bay is defined by 259 km of open coastline used for economic, recreational and cultural purposes. The coastline from Waihi Beach in the west to Opape is defined as sandy coast, while the coast from Opape to Cape Runaway Bay is rocky shore.cite web | title = Our Coast | publisher = Environment Bay of Plenty | url = http://www.ebop.govt.nz/Coast/Our-Coast.asp | accessdate = 2008-03-03] Sizeable harbours are located at Tauranga, Whakatane and Ohiwa. Major estuaries include Maketu, Little Waihi, Whakatane, Waiotahi and Waioeka/Otara. Eight major rivers empty into the bay from inland catchments, including Wairoa, Kaituna, Tarawera, Rangitaiki, Whakatane, Waioeka, Motu and Raukokore Rivers.

Much of the central part of the region lies within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, which extends from the centre of the North Island northwards to Whakaari/White Island. Volcanic mountains and lakes, geothermal areas and geological fault lines all dot the landscape. The geothermal region around Rotorua is a major tourist site, while many hot springs in the region are used as swimming areas. The geothermal field near Kawerau is the site of a geothermal power plant currently under construction, which will reportedly meet up to one third of residential and industrial electricity demand in the Eastern Bay of Plenty when fully operational.cite web | title = Mighty River Power media release: Generation Equipment Arriving at Kawerau | url = http://www.mightyriverpower.co.nz/Generation/Projects/Kawerau/KawerauNews/Detail.aspx?id=1059 | date = 2007-10-18 | accessdate = 2008-06-23] Whakaari/White Island, the site of a former sulfur-mining operation, is an active volcanic island popular with tourists. The eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886 and the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake were two disasters related to geological activity in the volcanic plateau.

Prominent mountains in the region include Mount Maunganui, Mount Tarawera and Mount Edgecumbe/Putauaki, which also have cultural significance to local Māori. The Kaimai and Mamaku mountain ranges lie at the western border of the region. Swamp land was formerly concentrated around a number of rivers in the region, but much of this was dredged in the early part of the 20th century to increase land for settlement and other uses. Large native and foreign (planted) forest areas are found in the inland parts of the region. The Kaingaroa Forest is the world's largest planted forest, comprising Radiata Pine mainly used for timber.

Climate

The Bay of Plenty has a subtropical, temperate, maritime climate,cite web | author = Mullan, Brett; Tait, Andrew; Thompson, Craig | title = Regional Climate | publisher = Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/ClimateAndAtmosphere/Climate/2/en | date = 2007-09-21 | accessdate = 2008-03-07] with warm, humid summers and mild winters. The region is one of the warmest in New Zealand, particularly along the coastline, and most areas experience at least 2,000 hours of sunshine per annum. Average daily maximum temperatures in the region range from 9–16 °C in winter to 22–26 °C in summer. Rainfall occurs more frequently in winter than in summer, but tropical storms in summer and autumn can produce heavy rain with high winds.cite web | title = Climate Change | publisher = Environment Bay of Plenty | url = http://www.ebop.govt.nz/ClimateChange/Climate-Change.asp | accessdate = 2008-03-03] Central parts of the region can receive up to 2000 mm of rainfall annually, while the eastern and western areas can receive up to 4000 mm.

Economy

Agriculture, natural resources and tourism are the major industries in the Bay of Plenty. 96 per cent of the region is defined as 'rural', with 22% of land usage representing farm land and 38% representing nature reserve land. The most common agricultural land uses in the region are horticulture, dairy, grazing and sheep farming. Notable horticultural crops include kiwifruit, apples and avocadoes. The region also has an abundance of coastal, forestry and geothermal resources. Forestry emerged as a vital industry in the 1950s, with Radiata Pine being planted during the early 20th century. Forestry in the region is commercially planted and managed, mostly using planted foreign tree species, and timber is sent to the Port of Tauranga for export. Geothermal activity is a source of tourism in the region, and geothermal energy is soon to become a major regional source of electricity. Tourism is the other notable industry in the Bay of Plenty, accounting for 15% of the region's GDP from March 2000 to 2004.cite web | author = New Zealand Institute of Economic Research | work = Regional Economic Performance: Final Report | title = Bay of Plenty Economic Profile | publisher = New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development | url = http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentPage____2322.aspx#P635_92209 | date = 2005-11-01 | accessdate = 2008-02-28] The Bay of Plenty received over 645,000 tourists in 2003, equivalent to one in three visitors to New Zealand visiting the region. Rotorua is a popular destination for international visitors, in particular the surrounding geothermal areas and Māori cultural centres. Tauranga is a popular domestic tourism destination, but becoming very popular internationally.

The region's total GDP in the year to March 2004 was $7.5 billion, accounting for 5.5% of national GDP. Overall economic growth in the Bay of Plenty averaged 2.1% between March 2000 and 2004, compared with the national rate of 3.5%, although per capita real GDP growth in the region in the five years to March 2003 matched the national growth rate at an averaged 2.3%. In the 2006 Census, the median annual income in the Bay of Plenty was $22,600, below the national median of $24,400. Further, 45.4% of people aged 15 years or older earned an annual income of less than $20,000, compared with 43.2% of people nationally. Unemployment in the region was at 6.1% of people 15 years or older, compared with 5.1% nationally.

Transport

The Bay of Plenty has 227 km of rail network and 4,460 km of roads. The main rail line in the region is the East Coast Main Trunk Railway, which extends from Hamilton in the Waikato region to Kawerau and Taneatua via Tauranga, with the Murupara Branch Railway extending the Kawerau terminus to Murupara. Rail networks in the region are used exclusively for freight. The hub of regional economic activity is the Port of Tauranga, with well-established rail and road connections to other parts of the region. Three commercial airports also operate in the Bay of Plenty: Tauranga Airport, Rotorua Airport and Whakatane Airport.

Car travel remains the dominant form of transport in the region. In 2002, the number of vehicles owned in the region was 189,000, with an average of 1.51 vehicles per household. Significant public transport bus services exist only in Tauranga and Rotorua. Significant growth in the Western Bay of Plenty District has seen increased strain on road infrastructure, particularly with increasing traffic congestion in Tauranga. Due to this growth, a new highway network is being planned and constructed in Tauranga to join with its current network spanning on the western side of the city. Transit New Zealand, in conjunction with Environment Bay of Plenty and the Tauranga City and Western Bay of Plenty District Councils, is planning to build an Eastern Motorway bypassing Te Puke, a Western Motorway bypassing Omokoroa and a smaller Southern Motorway. [cite web | title = Integrated Transport Strategy for Tauranga | publisher = Tauranga City Council | url = http://content.tauranga.govt.nz/strategies/IntegratedTransportStrategy.pdf | accessdate = 2008-04-21|format=PDF]

Demographics

In the 2006 Census, the total resident population of the Bay of Plenty region was 257,379, an increase of 7.5% from 2001. The Bay of Plenty is the fifth-most populous region in New Zealand, accounting for 6.4% of the national population. The regional population is projected to increase to 277,900 by the year 2011. The median age in the Bay of Plenty was 37.2 years; 23.0% of the population were under 15 years of age, while 14.8% of people were aged 65 years or over. The male-to-female ratio was 0.94.

67.1% of the resident population in the Bay of Plenty identified with the European ethnic group, while 27.5% of people identified themselves as Māori. This compared with 67.6% of the national population identifying themselves as ethnic European and 14.6% identifying themselves as Māori. Other ethnic groups were under-represented in the region: 14.9% of the regional population was born overseas, compared with 22.9% nationally. English is the most widely spoken language. Te Reo Māori is the most common minority language, spoken by 9.6% of the population, compared with 4.1% nationally.

Sport

The Bay of Plenty is represented in several domestic sporting competitions. The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union oversees the Bay of Plenty Steamers, who play in the Air New Zealand Cup. The Steamers are also a feeder club for the Chiefs who play in the Super 14. The Waikato/Bay of Plenty Magic compete in the ANZ Championship in netball, having previously played in the National Bank Cup.

See also

* List of schools in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

References

External links

* [http://www.envbop.govt.nz Environment Bay of Plenty]
* [http://www.bayofplentytimes.co.nz/ Bay of Plenty Times] – regional newspaper
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/Places/BayOfPlenty/en Bay of Plenty] in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand