Whale Island, New Zealand

Infobox Mountain
Name= Whale Island
Photo=WhaleIsland2006.jpg
Caption= Whale Island seen from the south.
Elevation= Convert|354|m|ft|0|abbr=on
Location=Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand
Range=
Prominence = Convert|354|m|ft|0|abbr=on
Coordinates = coord|37|51|S|176|59|E|region:NZ_type:isle
Topographic

Type=Complex volcano
Age=
Last eruption= Pleistocene
First ascent=
Easiest route=

Whale Island - "Moutohora", is a small island located off the Bay of Plenty coast of New Zealand's North Island. It is located about 12 kilometres north of the town of Whakatane. A whaling station existed on the island during the 19th century. The 1.43 km² island is a remnant of a complex volcano which has eroded, leaving two peaks. This is still an area of volcanic activity and there are hot springs on the island in Sulphur Valley, McEwans Bay, and Sulphur Bay.

History

Numerous archaeological sites of both Maori and European origin have been recorded, including an extensive pa (fortified earthworks) site on Pa Hill and a number of house terraces and garden sites, middens (food refuse dumps), stone tool manufacture areas and stone walls. After permanent Maori occupation ceased in the early nineteenth century, Ngati Awa and Tuhoe continued to visit the island for sea food and mutton birds and to collect stones for hangi (underground ovens).

The first European occupation came in the 1830s with an unsuccessful attempt to establish a shore-based whaling station. The venture failed without a single whale being captured. Forty years later came attempts to make money from sulphur. It was extracted and sold to a refinery in Auckland over a number of years but was of poor quality, and the venture was abandoned in 1895. The next phase of industrial activity came in 1915, when quarrying provided rock for the construction of the Whakatane harbour wall. A total of 26,000 tonnes of rock was removed over five years.

Ecology

In 1965 Moutohora was declared a wildlife refuge and the island was bought by the Crown in 1984. Once the goats which had been introduced to the island were eradicated, a planting programme began and 12,000 plants covering 45 species are now established. Today Moutohora is covered with a mosaic of pōhutukawa, mahoe, kanuka, bracken and grassland.

There are 190 native and 110 introduced plant species. The island is now completely free of the goats, rats, cats and rabbits which previously devastated native plants and animals. The most significant feature of Moutohora's current fauna is the breeding colony of grey-faced petrels. Sooty shearwaters, little blue penguins, the threatened New Zealand dotterel and variable oystercatchers also breed on the island. Threatened species which are occasional visitors are the Caspian tern, the North Island kaka and New Zealand falcon. Other species present include common forest birds, captive-bred red crowned parakeets, three lizard species and fur seals.

In March 1999 local Ngati Awa and the New Zealand Department of Conservation joined forces to see the fulfillment of a dream. Forty North Island saddleback (tieke) were transferred from Cuvier Island, off the coast of the Coromandel Peninsula, to Moutohora.

This relocation followed the traditional flight made centuries ago when the Mataatua waka (canoe) was accompanied by two tieke from Repanga to Whakatane. This flight followed the drowning of the twin sons of Muriwai, sister of Toroa, the captain of the waka. The two tieke settled briefly on Moutohora before returning to Cuvier Island.

Access

Public access to Moutohora is restricted to permit holders and approved tour parties and school groups. Permits must be obtained from the Department of Conservation office in Whakatane and during periods of high fire danger all access may be declined.

References

* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0401041A Global Volcanism Program: Whale Island]