Tibetan American

Infobox Ethnic group
group =


poptime = 10,000
popplace = California (mainly Northern California), Colorado, Minnesota, Vermont, New Jersey, New York
langs = Tibetan, English
rels = Buddhism
related = Tibetans, Asian Americans, South Asians, Bhutanese,

The history of Tibetans in the United States is relatively short, as the remote kingdom of Tibet for centuries had few relations with other countries. The United States had limited contact or involvement with Tibet before World War II expanded to the Pacific.

Tibetans began to immigrate to the United States beginning in the 1950s. There are now more than 10,000 Tibetans living in the United States and Canada.Fact|date=June 2007 The migration of these Tibetans to the United States took on the pattern of 22 "cluster groups", located primarily in the Northeast, the Great Lakes region, and the Intermountain West. Other communities include Austin, Texas and Charlottesville, Virginia.

Northeast

Communities of Tibetan Americans in the Northeast exist in Boston and Amherst, Massachusetts, Ithaca, New York, New York City, and Washington, D.C., and in the states of Connecticut, Vermont and New Jersey. In New York and New Jersey, they live primarily among the large Indian American communities, particularly in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens. Around Washington, the largest community is concentrated in Rockville, Maryland with many also residing throughout Northern Virginia.

The town of Northfield, Vermont has been home for many years to the seat of the current Trijang Rinpoche. However, in sharp contrast to his predecessor, the current Trichang has been estranged from the Dalai Lama due to the Dorje Shugden controversy, and has very few followers among Tibetan Americans outside Vermont.

Great Lakes region

Communities of Tibetan Americans in the Great Lakes region exist in Chicago and in the states of Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan. There is a Tibetan Cultural Center in Bloomington, Indiana near the campus of Indiana University. The brother of the Dalai Lama is a professor at the university.

Western United States

Communities of Tibetan Americans in the western U.S. exist in Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, Berkeley, California, several locations in Southern California, and in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Washington, and Utah.

Every year, Seattle holds an annual in August.

Colorado

Although quite small in number overall, Colorado has one of the highest concentrations of Tibetans in North America, focused on Boulder, Colorado Springs, Douglas County and Crestone. The state sports a Buddhist university, the Naropa Institute, a Buddhist commune west of Castle Rock, and several cities have Tibetan outreach organizations. Colorado Springs alone has three Tibetan stores and a restaurant.

Much of the reason behind this rather peculiar demographic is that Tibetan guerillas were secretly trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at Camp Hale outside of Leadville. Camp Hale was used as a training camp for expatriate Tibetans to be inserted to foment uprising in the mountain kingdom after its invasion by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, between 1959 and 1965.

From 1958 to 1960, Anthony Poshepny trained various special missions teams, including Tibetan Khambas and Hui Muslims, for operations in China against the Communist government. Poshepny sometimes claimed that he personally escorted the 14th Dalai Lama out of Tibet, but sources in the Tibetan exile deny this.

The site was chosen because of the similarities of the Rocky Mountains in the area with the Himalayan Plateau. This was a contemporary plan of the CIA to the one that trained dissident Cubans in what later became the Bay of Pigs incident. After that failed foray, the Tibetan plan in Colorado's mountains was abandoned, but the Tibetans, having no free homeland to return to, opted to stay in the friendly environment and homelike terrain.

Immigration timeline

*1947 The Tibetan trade delegation led by Tibet's finance minister, Tsepon Shakabpa, leaves for India, China, the United States, and England. Its primary purpose was to demonstrate Tibet's independence and purchase gold. Tibet sought a meeting with President Harry S. Truman, however, following China's objections, the delegation was received by Secretary of State George Marshall.

*1948 Telopa Rinpoche is hired by Johns Hopkins University to teach Tibetan Buddhism.

*1949 The People's Liberation Army of China invades Tibet.

*1952 His Holiness the Dalai Lama's elder brother, Professor Thupten Norbu (Taktser Rinpoche) and his friend Dhondup Gyaltsen immigrate to the United States.

*1955 Geshe Ngawang Wangyal arrives in the U.S. He serves as religious leader and spiritual teacher of a Kalmyk Mongolian community in New Jersey and teaches at Columbia University.

*1957–71 Tibetan resistance fighters are trained by the CIA and launch numerous incursions into Tibet.

*1958 The first Tibetan Buddhist monastery in North America, Labsum Shedrup Ling, is established in New Jersey under the spiritual guidance of Geshe Wangyal.

*1959 The Dalai Lama and some 80,000 Tibetans flee to India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim after a failed uprising against the Chinese government.

*1960 The Rockefeller Foundation establishes eight centers for Tibetan studies in the U.S., which invite 17 Tibetan lamas.

*1961 The first graduate program in Buddhist Studies is established at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

*1964 The Office of Tibet is established by the Dalai Lama with his representative in North America serving as director. Its main objective was to raise the issue of Tibet before the United Nations.

*1964 Six Tibetans, four from India and two from the U.S., enroll in a year-long special intensive program at Cornell University to study public administration and economics.

*1967–69 Six Tibetans immigrate to the U.S. to work as lumberjacks for the Great Northern Paper Company in Portage Lake, Maine. The following year, 21 others joined them.

*1971 The CIA cancels its covert operations supporting Tibetan guerillas following President Richard Nixon's trip to China and a new era of improved U.S.–Sino relations.

*1979 The first visit of the Dalai Lama to the U.S.

*1981 Tibet Fund established in New York to provide humanitarian assistance to Tibetan refugees primarily in settlements in India and Nepal.

*1985 There are 524 Tibetans living in the U.S.

*September–October 1987 Tibetans in Lhasa demonstrate against Chinese occupation and call for independence; the Chinese police fire on protesters and arrest 5,000 Tibetans. Demonstrations are held in Tibetan communities around the world demanding freedom for Tibet.

*1987 The International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) is established in Washington, D.C., to build awareness about Tibet and seek high-level support for Tibet in the U.S. government.

*September 21, 1987 The Five Point Peace Plan is presented by the Dalai Lama to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus.Fact|date=May 2007

*1988 Tibet Fund begins administering yearly Fulbright Program scholarship grants to bring Tibetans students and professionals to the U.S. for higher education.

*March 5–8, 1989 The Lhasa Uprising: thousands of Tibetans march in Lhasa to protest Chinese rule; martial law is imposed by the Chinese army; and journalists and foreigners are asked to leave.

*1989 The Tibetan United States Resettlement Project (TUSRP) is established to support the resettlement of 1,000 Tibetans. Edward Bednar is appointed director.

*April 1989 ICT president Tenzin Tethong, the Dalai Lama's Representative Rinchen Dharlo and Edward Bednar meet with pro-Tibet organizations, resettlement agencies, congressional staff, immigration law advisors, etc. to begin 18 months of advocacy for TUSRP.

*December 10, 1989 The Dalai Lama is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his commitment to non-violence and peace.

*April 30, 1990 Martial law is lifted in Tibet.

*1991 Tibet Fund designated by the U.S. State Department as the administrator of U.S. humanitarian aid to Tibetan refugees.

*1991 Tibet House New York organizes International Year of Tibet.

*1992 The first group of the 1,000 Tibetans arrives in the U.S. under the TUSRP and settles in six cluster sites throughout the U.S.

*1993 In little more than a year since the first group of Tibetans arrived in 1992, 21 cluster sites open in 18 different states across the United States.

*1993–2002 Through family reunification, more Tibetans arrive to join the original 1,000. By 2002 there are approximately 8,650 Tibetans and 30 Tibetan community associations in the United States.

*October 17, 2007 The Dalai Lama received the Congressional Gold Medal in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington. President George W. Bush was the first president to appear in public with the Dalai Lama.

Notables

* Chögyam Trungpa
* Ngawang Wangyal
* Tarthang Tulku
* Thupten Jigme Norbu
* Trijang Rinpoche

ee also

* Tibet
* Tibetan people
* Asian American
* Tibetan resistance movement
* Students for a Free Tibet
* American Himalayan Foundation

External links

* [http://www.ustibet.org/ ustibet.org]
* [http://www.savetibet.org/ savetibet.org]
* [http://www.index-china.com/index-english/Tibet-s.html index-china.com]
* [http://www.newstrolls.com/news/dev/wmeyers/darlo.html newstrolls.com]
* [http://www.naatanet.org/shadowcircus/camp.html Training of Tibetans at Camp Hale]
* [http://kennethomura.tripod.com/asian_genes/ Asian Genes] This website discusses the genetic distance of different Asian groups
* [http://tibet.com/exileglance.html tibet.com]