- Mongolian Wild Ass
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Mongolian Wild Ass 
Mongolian Wild Ass Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Species: E. hemionus Subspecies: E. h. hemionus Trinomial name Equus hemionus hemionus
Pallas, 1775Synonyms Equus hemonius luteus
The Mongolian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus hemionus, also called Khulan, Mongolian: Хулан) is a subspecies of the Onager. It may be synonymous with the Gobi Kulan, Chigetai[1] or Dziggetai (Equus hemionus luteus).[2] It is found in Mongolia and northern China, and was previously found in Kazakhstan before being extirpated there through hunting.[3]
The Mongolian Wild Ass's distribution range was dramatically reduced during the 1990s. A 1994–1997 survey estimated its population size at 33,000 to 63,000 individuals over a continuous distribution range encompassing all of southern Mongolia.[4] In 2003, a new survey found approximately 20,000 individuals over an area of 177,563 square kilometres (68,557 sq mi) in southern Mongolia.[5] The population estimates of the Mongolian population should be treated with caution due to a lack of proven survey protocols.[6][7] Despite that, the subspecies lost about 50% of its former distribution range in Mongolia in the past 70 years.
The population is declining due to poaching and competition from grazing livestock and the conservation status of the species is evaluated as vulnerable.[2] Since 1953, the Mongolian Wild Ass has been fully protected in Mongolia. The subspecies is also listed at appendix I of CITES (the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) and was added to appendix II of the Convention of Migratory Species in 2002.[8] However, due to human population growth in conjunction with severe winters in the past years,[9] the number of conflicts between herders and Mongolian Wild Asses appear on the increase.
Poaching for meat appears to be an increasing problem in Mongolia. For some parts of the local population, wild ass and other wildlife meat seems to provide a substitute or even a cheap alternative to meat from domestic animals.[10] In 2005, a national survey based on questionnaires, suggested that as many as 4,500 wild asses, about 20% of the whole population, may be poached each year.[11] Moreover, political changes in the early 1990s allowed urban populations to return to nomadic land use, resulting in a sharp increase in human- and livestock numbers in many rural areas.[12][13][14]
Political and societal changes have disrupted traditional land use patterns, weakened law enforcement and also changed attitudes towards the use of natural resources, e.g., making wildlife an "open access" resource.[15] It is expected that the re-migration of people and their livestock will result in increased wildlife–human interactions and may well threaten the survival of rare wildlife species in the Gobi Desert.
Related Subspecies
- Turkmenian Kulan, Equus hemionus kulan
- Persian Onager ("gur"), Equus hemionus onager
- Indian Wild Ass or Khur, Equus hemionus khur
- Syrian Wild Ass, Equus hemionus hemippus (extinct)
References
Khulan at sunset
- ^ Porter, Valerie (ed.); Ian Lauder Mason (2002). Mason's world dictionary of livestock breeds, types, and varieties (5th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 085199430X.
- ^ a b "Equus hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/7951. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
- ^ Clark, B. and Duncan, P. 1992. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). In: P. Duncan (ed.) Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 17–21
- ^ Richard P. Reading, Henry M. Mix, Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren, Claudia Feh, David P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren & Sumyain Enkhbold (2001). "Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia". Journal of Zoology 254 (3): 381–389. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000887.
- ^ Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. 2003. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Unpublished report, Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- ^ S. T. Buckland, D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers & L. Thomas, ed (2001). Introduction to Distance Sampling. Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 432. ISBN 9780198509271.
- ^ Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. available from: www.takhi.org
- ^ CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II.
- ^ United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar
- ^ P. Kaczensky & O. Gambatar unpubl. Data
- ^ J. Wingard unpubl. data
- ^ María E. Fernández-Giménez (1999). "Sustaining the steppes: a geographical history of pastoral land use in Mongolia". Geographical Review 89 (3): 315–342. http://www.jstor.org/stable/216154.
- ^ Donald J. Bedunah & Sabine M. Schmidt (2004). "Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park". Development and Change 35 (1): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00347.x.
- ^ R. Mearns, D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal & B. Bekhsuren (1994). "Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia". RRA Notes 20: 95–105. http://dlcvm.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00005217/01/natural_resource_mapping_and_seasonal_variations.pdf.
- ^ D. G. Pratt, D. C. MacMillan & I. J. Gordon (2004). "Local community attitudes to wildlife utilisation in the changing economic and social context of Mongolia". Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 591–613. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000009492.56373.cc.
External links
Species of the genus Equus Extinct species are marked †Equus africanus · Equus africanus africanus · Equus africanus asinus · †Equus africanus atlanticus · Equus africanus somaliensis · †Equus complicatus · †Equus conversidens · †Equus crinidens · †Equus cumminsii · †Equus excelsus · Equus ferus · Equus ferus caballus · †Equus ferus ferus · Equus ferus przewalskii · †Equus francisci · †Equus fraternus · †Equus giganteus · Equus grevyi · Equus hemionus · Equus hemionus hemionus · †Equus hemionus hemippus · Equus hemionus khur · Equus hemionus kulan · Equus hemionus luteus · Equus hemionus onager · †Equus hydruntinus · Equus kiang · Equus kiang chu · Equus kiang holdereri · Equus kiang kiang · Equus kiang polyodon · †Equus lambei · †Equus namadicus · †Equus niobrarensis · †Equus occidentalis · †Equus pacificus · †Equus parastylidens · †Equus pectinatus · Equus quagga · Equus quagga burchellii · Equus quagga boehmi · Equus quagga borensis · Equus quagga chapmani · Equus quagga crawshayi · †Equus quagga quagga · †Equus scotti · †Equus simplicidens · †Equus sivalensis · †Equus stenonis · †Equus yunnanensis · Equus zebra · Equus zebra hartmannae · Equus zebra zebraCategories:- Equus
- Mammals of Asia
- Fauna of Mongolia
- Fauna of Kazakhstan
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