- Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23
Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis (parent statute) of a
security law proposed by theGovernment of Hong Kong . It states:cquote
"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against theCentral People's Government , or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies."Basiclaw23. " [http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/download/CSA-markup-e3.pdf Basiclaw23] ." "Article 23." Retrieved on2008-01-03 .] OnSeptember 24 ,2002 the government released its proposals for the anti-subversion law. It is the cause of considerable controversy and division inHong Kong , which operates as a separatelegal system in accordance with theSino-British Joint Declaration . Protests against the bill resulted in a massive demonstrations on1 July ,2003 . In the aftermath, two cabinet members resigned and the bill was withdrawn after it became clear that it would not get the necessary support from Legco for it to be passed. The law was then shelved indefinitely.Background
Under British rule, Hong Kong had a number of draconian laws regarding national security, which among other things allowed the Hong Kong government to ban organizations, which it did in regard to both the
Communist Party of China and theKuomintang . Although these laws had rarely been enforced since the 1960s, there was concern about the possible use of those laws after the handover to thePeople's Republic of China (PRC).Article 23 of the
Hong Kong Basic Law stipulates that the Hong KongSpecial Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to protect national security. At the time of the drafting of the Basic Law this was intended to be protective of civil rights in that it placed responsibility for drafting these laws with the Hong Kong government.The Hong Kong Government has drafted the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill to implement Article 23 and replace British colonial era laws on the subject.
The controversy over Article 23 began in mid-2002 when
Qian Qichen , Vice Premier of the State Council, expressed Beijing's desire for Hong Kong to pass the required legislation quickly. This prompted theChief Executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee Hwa to begin the process of drafting said legislation. Many in Hong Kong believe that Tung's responsiveness to this request, in contrast to what is commonly perceived to be his lack of desire, was due in part to the fact that Tung himself owes a personal debt to the PRC government: his family's shipping conglomerate Orient Overseas was bailed out for the sum of US $110 million by Chinese government-owned companies in the 1980s. [Horlemann, Ralf. [2002] (2002). Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule. Routledge publishing. ISBN 0415296811.]Positions
Concern with the legislation has arisen because of the
authoritarian regime in thePeople's Republic of China : the new law invokes concepts oftreason against the PRC in certain circumstances. Critics claim that this will erodefreedom of speech rights. Suspicions have been exacerbated by the refusal of the government to issue a White Bill on the legislation, causing groups such asAmnesty International to declare that it "has grave concerns about the proposals in the government's consultation document and the lack of a draft White Bill which means that the public still do not know how the legislation will actually be worded". The government will be required to issue a blue paper containing the draft legislation when it presents the new bill to theHong Kong Legislative Council ("Legco"), but this would leave no time for the public to voice its concerns, and the government may use its unelected majority in Legco to rush the bill through.Concerns
In the consultation document of Article 23 enactment, the following issues have caused concern:
* Any branch of an organization that is part of an organization banned by the central government of the PRC under state security reasons can be banned in Hong Kong at any time, and the Hong Kong government does not have to conduct any independent investigation. This provision was of particular concern because
Mainland China does not have a general legal mechanism for defining a banned organization or political dissidents. One consequence of this is that it becomes somewhat harder to prosecute regular members of an organization disliked by the PRC, as it requires the central government to try to find a crime which the individual has committed. It essentially makes thehuman rights situation "worse than it already is"Fact|date=June 2008 .* The concepts of government and country are confused and exchangeable in the proposed document. In a democratic country, citizens are empowered with the right to monitor and check the government. The proposed enactment of Article 23 makes opposing the government the same as opposing the country.
* In the proposed enactment, police are allowed to enter residential buildings and
arrest people at any time without court warrants or evidence.* Any speech deemed as instigative can be regarded as illegal, including oral, written and electronic forms; it is a crime both to express, and to hear such speech and fail to report it.
* Permanent residents of Hong Kong are under the power of this law, no matter where they reside. People who are in Hong Kong are also under the power of Article 23, regardless of nationality, including people who visit or transit through Hong Kong. Violations of Article 23 can result in a life term in
prison .Debate
Supporters of the legislation, the most vocal of which is perhaps Hong Kong's
Secretary for Security Regina Ip , who viewed the introduction of the law as being quite ordinary and natural::"Firstly, all countries have laws to protect national security but, in Hong Kong, the Mainland's national laws on this subject do not apply. It has been left up to the Hong Kong SAR Government to enact laws 'on its own'. This in itself shows a great measure of trust in Hong Kong people by the Central Government authorities. We are not introducing Mainland law into Hong Kong. We are developing our own approach. Can you imagine California or Connecticut enacting their own laws against treasonous acts or foreign organizations bent on the overthrow of the US Government?"Basiclaw23HK. " [http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/focus/focus5.htm Basiclaw23] ." "HK needs laws to protect national security by Secretary for Security, Mrs Regina Ip, January 2003." Retrieved on
2007-05-05 .]:"Secondly, we have a constitutional and legal obligation, under our Basic Law, to enact such laws. By doing so, we fulfil our role to implement
One Country, Two Systems . Five years after Reunification, it is time to move ahead on a matter that is regarded as extremely important by our sovereign. By doing so, we will remove once and for all the uncertainties that have cropped up from time to time over the past five years as to when, and in what form, Article 23 will be implemented.":"We also have a moral duty, as a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, to protect the security and sovereignty of our country. Why should Hong Kong people be under any less obligation to do so, or indeed feel uncomfortable in doing so, compared to citizens in other countries?"
Mrs. Ip has been criticised by the press and religious groups for her zealousness in pursuing the implementation of the legislation. In a politically clumsy move, Mrs. Ip asserted that because the ordinary people would not "understand the legal language", there was no point in consulting them on it.Fact|date=June 2008
Mr. Bob Allcock, Hong Kong's Solicitor-General, has been perceived as more even-handed in his approach and has frequently argued that the laws proposed by the government are less restrictive than the colonial era laws that they are intended to replace:
:"Contrary to what some have alleged, the Bill to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law does not provide for '
secret trial s'. Any criminal prosecution under the proposed new laws would be subject to normal trial procedures. In addition, if anyone were charged with one of the serious offences against national security, he or she would have the right to trial by jury."Basiclaw23HK. " [http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/focus/focus6.htm Basiclaw23] ." "There will be no 'secret trials' by Bob Allcock, Solicitor General,March 25 ,2003 ." Retrieved on2007-05-05 .]:"The proposed new offence of treason will be narrower than the existing offence. It will therefore impose no new restrictions on freedom of speech. The only situations in which words could amount to treason under the proposals would be where the words instigate a foreigner to invade the PRC or assist a public enemy at war with the PRC. For example, if the PRC is at war with a foreign country, and a Hong Kong permanent resident broadcasts propaganda for the enemy, he may be convicted for assisting that enemy."Basiclaw23HK. " [http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/focus/focus4.htm Basiclaw23] ." "Freedom of expression is NOT under threat by Bob Allcock, Solicitor General
January 28 ,2003 ." Retrieved on2007-05-05 .]He has also pointed out that under the new laws, a banned organization can appeal the ban to the judicial system, a right not available under the previous laws.
In response, opponents of the bill including
Martin Lee have argued that a potentially repressive bill is more acceptable in a system of parliamentary democracy and that under British rule, the potential impact of security laws was minimized by the fact that political leaders would suffer political damage if they attempted to enforce these laws. The argument is that in the case where Hong Kong becomes authoritarian, there are fewer restrictions which prevent them drafting bad laws.In response to the argument that Article 23 legislation is constitutionally required, opponents to the government bill point out that the Basic Law does not setup a specific time for passage of the legislation, and that the Basic Law also constitutionally requires that the HK government work toward a system of
universal suffrage . Opponents argue that because both goals do not have time limits, there is no reason to implement Article 23 legislation before universal suffrage.Another argument against Article 23 laws as drafted by the HK government has been given by
John Kamm , who argues that the mechanism for banning organizations would have the effect of requiring that Mainland China be more repressive outside of Hong Kong. His argument is that since 1997, Mainland China has not had the legal concept of banning an organization on national security grounds, and thatpolitical repression in the PRC takes the form of government criminal charges against individual acts. He argues that the HK government's draft of Article 23 law requires the PRC to set up a system of banning organizations on national security grounds and this would greatly hurt members of politically sensitive organizations who are not leaders. He points out that the PRC currently typically imprisons only the leadership of an organization, and merely harasses lower-level members because their behavior does not rise to the level of criminal charges. By passing Article 23 law, Hong Kong will require the PRC to develop the legal mechanisms to punish all members of a banned political organization, a power it now only has with respect to religious organizations such asFalun gong .Finally, at a time when Hong Kong's economy, inextricably linked to its property index, is in the doldrums, and
SARS has had a major impact on life in the Special Administrative Region, the government's focus on Article 23 has been perceived as inappropriate, especially since Hong Kong has been a stable place since the 1997 handover from theUnited Kingdom to the PRC and revision of colonial anti-subversion laws is not required.Journalist s in particular are concerned about the new law, especially with respect to journalistic criticism of the Central Government of the People's Republic of China and its complex relationship withTaiwan andTibet , or other matters arising from the possession of official documents.Religious groups are equally apprehensive about the law. The
Falun Gong group, which has been the subject of political repression inMainland China (including the torture and detention of its members) on the basis of "security concerns" is worried that Article 23 will allow such political repression to extend to Hong Kong if the Falun Gong are regarded by Hong Kong authorities as a threat to the motherland.Outspoken Catholic
Bishop Joseph Cardinal Zen has been a key figure in the debate over the legislation: on15 May 2003 he instructed his church members to resist the introduction of the legislation. But his speech was criticized by some pro-PRC political commentators in Hong Kong, saying that the Church should not be involved in political matters.The normally neutral
Hong Kong Bar Association , an organisation representingbarrister s, has also stepped into the fray: Bar Association chairmanAlan Leong has publicly said: "The more you read into this document, the more anxious and concerned you get. There are some glaring ambiguities".Other organisations which have spoken out against the proposal include the
Hong Kong Journalists Association ,Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions , theInternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions , theForeign Correspondents' Club and the Faculty of Law atthe University of Hong Kong . Members of theEuropean Parliament , and officials of theUnited States Department of State , theUnited Kingdom ,Canada ,Australia , andNew Zealand have expressed concerns about the Article 23 legislation.Some banks in Hong Kong were reported to be considering relocation if the proposed Article 23 is passed out of the fear that the laws would restrict the free flow of information. On
December 7 ,2002 , it was reported in the press that ten foreign banks had told the government privately that the introduction of Article 23 would have disastrous consequences for Hong Kong, threatening its demise as Asia's financial capital. [Telegraph.co.uk. " [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/12/07/wkong07.xml Telegraph.co.uk] ." "Foreign banks say new laws will spark Hong Kong exodus." Retrieved on2008-01-03 .]Timeline
* (
December 15 ,2002 ) - approximately 65,000 people demonstrated against the legislation.* (
December 24 , 2002) - 190,000 people had signed petitions against the proposed enactment of Article 23.* (
July 1 ,2003 ) - approximately 350,000 - 700,000 people (out of the total population of 6,730,800) demonstrated against Article 23 against the failing economy, the handling of the SARS epidemic and Tung Chee Hwa andRegina Ip . To some degree the march was also againstAnthony Leung for a car tax scandal earlier that year. The march started from Victoria Park,Causeway Bay to Central Government Offices in Central. The generally accepted figure of marchers is 500,000. [Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. ISBN 0739104926.] The only protest larger than this is the 1989 Tiananmen square protest.Williams, Louise. Rich, Roland. [2000] (2000). Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia. Asia Pacific Press. ISBN 0731536266.]* The
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), the largerpro-Beijing party, had on that day booked a few of the park's football pitches for a carnival with a comparably meager number of participants. The rest of the park and the surrounding area was packed with people, literally shoulder to shoulder. Traffic along the north ofHong Kong Island (around the CBD area) was effectively paralyzed. The MTR was forced to stop operating between Central and Tin Hau station in fear of people not clearing from the stations. Many demonstrators were still waiting at Victoria Park to start as the first group of people arrived at the government headquarters. The entire march started at 3pm. Some religious groups arrived earlier for a pre-march prayer session. At about 9 to 10pm, the event made news headlines, except in pro-Beijing newspapers.* In response to the demonstration, two of the pro-government parties in the Legislative Council expressed reservations about the bill, and informal polls of the Legislative Council delegates suggested that the ability of the government to pass the bill was in doubt.
* (
July 5 , 2003) - Tung Chee Hwa announced a modified security law, which would remove the ability of the police to conduct warrantless searches, reduce the ability of the government to ban organizations, and include a "public interest" defense for publishing state secrets. However, the public doubt that such "public interest" defense may not fully protect journalists because whether it is actually a kind of "public interest" is not defined by the public. The Opposition asked the public to surround the Legislative Council building on9 July .* (
July 6 , 2003) - Tung announced that thesecond reading of the Law was to be postponed afterJames Tien of the Liberal Party announced that he was resigning from the Executive Council and would have his party members vote for a postponement. As a result, the government would have insufficient votes to pass the law.* (
July 7 , 2003) -Donald Tsang announced that there was no specific timetable for introducing the bill. In addition the DAB announced that it was reconsidering its participation in the government.* (
July 9 , 2003) - While the bill was postponed indefinitely, 50,000 people surrounded the Legislative Council at night of 9 July. In response, Philip Wong Yu-hong, a pro-government legislator gave the public the middle finger gesture.The standard.com.hk. " [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/Metro/GD20Ak01.html The standard.com.hk] ." "Legislator escapes probes." Retrieved on2007-12-24 .]* (
July 16 , 2003) - Regina Ip resigned her position asSecretary for Security citing "personal reasons", although political commentators attributed the resignation to the protests over the Article 23 legislation. Her resignation occurred the same day as that of the Financial SecretaryAntony Leung .*Throughout the week Beijing remained mostly quiet. News of the demonstration on
1 July was noticeably absent from the Chinese-language versions of China's state media outlets such as thePeople's Daily andXinhua Press Agency , however there has been reporting on the demonstration's political aftermath. Although it hinted on5 July 2003 that it would like to see the bill passed quickly, it has not made any formal statements to that effect.* (
July 19 , 2003) - PresidentHu Jintao was quoted by Chinese media as stating that: "The Central Government is very concerned with the situation in Hong Kong... Only by maintaining Hong Kong's social stability, can a good commercial environment be safeguarded and can Hong Kong's advantages as an international finance, trade and transport center be maintained."* (
July 20 , 2003) - President Hu had received Tung in Beijing with a ceremony. Normally the ceremonial practice is reserved for visiting heads of state. This is perceived as a face-saving gesture for Tung. Hu emphasized that Hong Kong needed to pass Article 23 legislation.* (
July 23 , 2003) -British Prime Minister Tony Blair spoke at a British Chamber of Commerce luncheon in Hong Kong, commending theSino-British Joint Declaration as being responsible for the peaceful nature of the demonstrations against the Article 23 legislation. He emphasized the demonstrations and the peaceful response were evidence of the stability of China overall under theOne country, two systems policy.*Some political analysts, particularly in Taiwanese newspapers, have speculated that the moderate approach that the Central Government has presented toward Hong Kong bears the imprint of more reformist thinking in the new fourth generation of leadership led by
Hu Jintao andWen Jiabao . It has also been suggested that a major influence on Beijing's reaction to the demonstrations is the strong desire to put on a good face before the Presidential election in Taiwan in March 2004 and generally make Taiwanese public opinion more amenable to the cause ofChinese reunification .* (
September 5 , 2003) - the Chief Executive of Hong Kong announced that Article 23 legislation would be withdrawn, that it would be reintroduced only after popular consultations, and that there was no timetable for its reintroduction.Aftermath
The public outrage against the bill gradually became an urge for the government to introduce
universal suffrage . As a result, several demonstrations were organized to follow up on the request. OnJanuary 1 ,2004 approximately 100,000 people followed the same route of theJuly 1 ,2003 protest to ask for popular elections of the Chief Executive in 2007 and the LegCo in 2008. The 2004 July 1 protest marks the first anniversary of demonstration. A march has since followed every year. OnMarch 12 ,2005 ,Tung Chee Hwa resigned as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong citing health reasons. [cite web | last = Yau | first = Cannix | coauthors = | title = Tung's gone. What next? | publisher = Hong Kong Standard | date =March 11 ,2005 | url = http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4513&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050311&sear_year=2005 | accessdate = 2007-01-11]References
ee also
*
Hong Kong July 1 marches
*Turkey ’s Article 301
*E-Politics21 (newsgroup )External links
* [http://www.basiclaw23.gov.hk/english/ Hong Kong Government website on Article 23]
* [http://www.visiblerecord.com/en/films/?id=H002 "July" - documentary film on the 2003 Hong Kong July 1 march, by Tammy Cheung]
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