Mahi-mahi

Mahi-mahi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Coryphaenidae
Genus:	Coryphaena
Species:	C. hippurus
Binomial name
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758

The mahi-mahi or common dolphinfish^[1] (Coryphaena hippurus) is a surface-dwelling ray-finned fish found in off-shore temperate, tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. It is one of only two members of the Coryphaenidae family, the other being the pompano dolphinfish. It is also known as the dolphin,^[2][3] which causes confusion with the more widely-known marine mammals called dolphins. Mahi-mahi means very strong in Hawaiian. In other languages the fish is known as lampuga, lampuka, rakingo, calitos, maverikos or dorado.

Nomenclature

The common English name of dolphin causes much confusion. This fish is not related to the marine mammals also known as dolphins (family Delphinidae). Additionally, two species of dolphinfish exist, the common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and the pompano dolphin (Coryphaena equiselis). Both these species are commonly marketed by their Pacific name, mahi-mahi.

The fish is called mahimahi in the Hawaiian language.^[4] The word was adopted into the English language without consistent spelling. The American Heritage Dictionary, fourth edition, cites the preferred spelling (occurring “more frequently”) as the hyphenated mahi-mahi. The secondary spelling is the single word mahimahi, with the identical Hawaiian word given as the derivative source. But Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, second edition, reverses this preference order, preferring the single word to the hyphenated version, as does the Oxford English Dictionary (2000 draft entry). Fishbase records mahi-mahi as being used in the US, mahi mahi in Australia and New Zealand, and mahimahi in some Pacific islands.^[2]

Linnaeus named the genus, derived from the Greek word, koryphe, meaning top or apex, in 1758. Synonyms for the species include Coryphaena argyrurus, Coryphaena chrysurus and Coryphaena dolfyn.^[1]

General characteristics

Mahi-mahi live 4 to 5 years. Catches average 7 to 13 kilograms (15 to 29 lb). They seldom exceed 15 kilograms (33 lb), and mahi-mahi over 18 kilograms (40 lb) are exceptional.

Mahi-mahi have compressed bodies and long dorsal fins extending nearly the entire length of their bodies. Their caudal fins and anal fins are sharply concave. They are distinguished by dazzling colors: golden on the sides, and bright blues and greens on the sides and back. Mature males have prominent foreheads protruding well above the body proper. Females have a rounded head. Females are also usually smaller than males.

Out of the water, the fish often change color among several hues (giving rise to their Spanish name, dorado maverikos, "golden maverick"), finally fading to a muted yellow-grey upon death.

Mahi-mahi are among the fastest-growing fish. They spawn in warm ocean currents throughout much of the year, and their young are commonly found in seaweed. Mahi-mahi are carnivorous, feeding on flying fish, crabs, squid, mackerel, and other forage fish. They have also been known to eat zooplankton and crustaceans.

Males and females are sexually mature in their first year, usually by 4-5 months old. Spawning can occur at body lengths of 20 cm. Females may spawn two to three times per year, and produce between 80,000 and 1,000,000 eggs per event.

In waters above 34° C, larvae are found all year, with greater numbers detected in spring and fall. In one study, seventy percent of the youngest larvae collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico were found at a depth greater than 180 meters. Spawning occurs normally in captivity, with 100,000 eggs per event. Problems maintaining salinity, food of adequate nutritional value and proper size, and dissolved oxygen are responsible for larval mortality rates of 20-40%. ^[3]

Recreational fishing

Female mahi-mahi caught in Mauritius Female mahi-mahi dolphin fish caught off coast of Bahamas Bull (male) mahi-mahi caught in Costa Rica

Mahi-mahi are highly sought for sport fishing and commercial purposes. Sport fishermen seek them due to their beauty, size, food quality, and healthy population. Mahi-mahi is popular in many restaurants.

Mahi-mahi can be found in the Caribbean Sea, on the west coast of North and South America, the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast of Florida, Southeast Asia, Hawaii and many other places worldwide.

Fishing charters most often look for floating debris and frigatebirds near the edge of the reef in about 120 feet (37 m) of water. Mahi-mahi (and many other fish) often swim near debris such as floating wood, palm trees and fronds, or sargasso weed lines and around fish buoys. Sargasso is floating seaweed that sometimes holds a complete ecosystem from microscopic creatures to seahorses and baitfish. Frigatebirds dive for food accompanying the debris or sargasso. Experienced fishing guides can tell what species are likely around the debris by the birds' behavior.

Thirty- to fifty-pound gear is more than adequate when trolling for mahi-mahi. Fly-casters may especially seek frigatebirds to find big mahi-mahis, and then use a bait-and-switch technique. Ballyhoo or a net full of live sardines tossed into the water can excite the mahi-mahis into a feeding frenzy. Hookless teaser lures can have the same effect. After tossing the teasers or live chum, fishermen throw the fly to the feeding mahi-mahi. Once on a line, mahi-mahi are fast, flashy and acrobatic, with beautiful blue, yellow, green and even red dots of color.

Commercial fishing

The United States and the Caribbean countries are the primary consumers of this fish, but many European countries are increasing their consumption every year.^{[citation needed]} It is a popular eating fish in Australia, usually caught and sold as a by-product by tuna and swordfish commercial fishing operators. Japan and Hawaii are significant consumers. The Arabian Sea, particularly the coast of Oman, also has mahi-mahi. At first, mahi-mahi were mostly bycatch (incidental catch) in the tuna and swordfish longline fishery. Now they are sought by commercial fishermen on their own merits.

In French Polynesia, fishermen use harpoons, using a specifically designed boat, the poti marara, to pursue it, because mahi-mahi do not dive. The poti marara is a powerful motorized V-shaped boat, optimized for high agility and speed, and driven with a stick so the pilot can hold his harpoon with his right hand.

Environmental and food safety concerns

Grilled mahi-mahi served with mango-pineapple salsa and mashed potatoes, garnished with coriander

The Monterey Bay Aquarium classifies mahi-mahi, when caught in the US Atlantic, as a "Best Choice", the top of its three environmental impact categories. The Aquarium advises to "Avoid" imported mahi-mahi harvested by long line but rates troll and pole-and-line caught as a "Good Alternative."

The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) classifies mahi-mahi as a "moderate mercury" fish or shellfish (its second lowest of four categories), and suggests eating six servings or fewer per month.^[5]

The mahi-mahi is also a common vector for ciguatera poisoning.^[6]

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) classifies mahi-mahi caught by line/pole in the US as "Eco-Best" in its three-category system,^[7] but classifies all mahi-mahi caught by longline as only "Eco-OK" or "Eco-Worst" due to longline "high levels [of] bycatch, injuring or killing seabirds, sea turtles and sharks." ^[8]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Coryphaena hippurus". FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6. Retrieved 16 August 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Common names of Coryphaena hippurus". Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=6&GenusName=Coryphaena&SpeciesName=hippurus&StockCode=1884. Retrieved 16 August 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Bostwick, Joshua (2000). "Coryphaena hippurus". Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Coryphaena_hippurus.html. Retrieved August 17, 2011. 
4. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of dolphin". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.5/cgi-bin/hdict?j=pk&l=en&q=dolphin&d=. 
5. ^ "Consumer Guide to Mercury in Fish". http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/guide.asp. 
6. ^ "Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)". Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=1187. Retrieved 2010-01-04. 
7. ^ "Seafood Selector: Find a Fish". http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=1540. 
8. ^ "Mahimahi, imported longline, Eco-Worst". http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=16957. 

External links

• "Coryphaena hippurus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168791. Retrieved 11 March 2006. 
• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). "Coryphaena hippurus" in FishBase. October 2004 version.
• Monterey Bay Aquarium's Regional Seafood Watch
• Blue Ocean Institute's Guide to Ocean Friendly Seafood