Jazz scale

One chord scale option for +7th chords is the whole tone scale^[1]:
C D E F♯ G♯ A♯/B♭  Play (help·info).

Augmented dominant seventh (+7th) chord: C E G♯ B♭  Play (help·info).

A jazz scale is any musical scale used in jazz. Many "jazz scales" are common scales drawn from Western European classical music, including the diatonic, whole-tone, octatonic (or diminished), and the modes of the ascending melodic minor. All of these scales were commonly used by late nineteenth and early twentieth-century composers such as Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy, Ravel and Stravinsky, often in ways that directly anticipate jazz practice.^[2] Some jazz scales, such as the bebop scales, add additional chromatic passing tones to the familiar diatonic scales.

One important feature of jazz is what theorists call "the principles of chord-scale compatibility": the idea that a sequence of chords will generate a sequence of compatible scales. In classical major-mode harmony, chords typically belong to the same scale. (For example, a I-ii-V-I progression in C major will typically use only the notes of the C diatonic collection.) In jazz, a four-chord progression may use four different scales, often as the result of chordal alterations. For instance, in C major, a jazz musician may alter the V chord G-B-D-F with a flattened fifth, producing G-B-D♭-F. An improviser might then choose a scale containing these four notes, such as G whole tone (G-A-B-C♯-D♯-F), G octatonic [or symmetric diminished] (G-A♭-B♭-B-C♯-D-E-F), or a mode of either D or A♭ melodic minor ascending (G-A-B-C♯-D-E-F or G-A♭-B♭-C♭-D♭-E♭-F respectively). In each case the scale contains the chord tones G-B-D♭-F and is said to be compatible with it. This notion of "chord scale compatibility" marks a fundamental difference between jazz harmony and traditional classical practice.

An avoid note is a note in a jazz scale that is considered, in jazz theory and practice, too dissonant to be played against the underlying chord, and so is either avoided or chromatically altered.^[3] For example, in major-key harmony the fourth, and thus 11th, is an avoid note and thus either treated as a passing tone or augmented (raised a semitone).^[4] Avoid notes are often a minor second (or a minor ninth) above another note^[5] or a perfect fourth above the root of the chord.^[6]

[One] can get a good sense of the difference between classical and non-classical harmony from looking at how they deal with dissonances. Classical treats all notes that don't belong to the chord (i.e., the triad) as potential dissonances to be resolved. ... Non-classical harmony just tells you which note in the scale to avoid ["what is sometimes called an avoid-note"] (because it's really dissonant), meaning that all the others are okay.^[6]

Modes of the major scale

Pattern of whole and half steps in the major scale.

The number of scales available to improvising musicians continues to expand. As modern techniques and musical constructions appear, jazz players find the ones they can put into compositions or use as material for melodic exploration. Prominent examples are the seven modes of the diatonic major scale and added-note scales.

I	Ionian mode	C D E F G A B C	(associated with C Major 7 chord)
ii	Dorian mode	C D E♭ F G A B♭ C	(associated with C-6 or C-7 13 chord)
iii	Phrygian mode	C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C	(associated with Csus4 ♭9)
IV	Lydian mode	C D E F♯ G A B C	(associated with C Maj7 ♯11 chord)
V	Mixolydian mode	C D E F G A B♭ C	(associated with C7 chord)
vi	Aeolian mode	C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C	(associated with C-7 ♭13 chord)
viio	Locrian mode	C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C	(associated with C-7♭5 chord)

Compare each of the modes to the major scale for clues as to the subtle differences between them. Ionian is based on the 1st degree of the major scale, Dorian on the 2nd, Phrygian on the 3rd, etc.

C Ionian	C D E F G A B C	(associated with C Major 7 chord)
D Dorian	D E F G A B C D	(associated with D-6 or D-7 13 chord)
E Phrygian	E F G A B C D E	(associated with Esus4 ♭9 chord)
F Lydian	F G A B C D E F	(associated with F Maj7 ♯11 chord)
G Mixolydian	G A B C D E F G	(associated with G7 chord)
A Aeolian	A B C D E F G A	(associated with A-7 ♭13 chord)
B Locrian	B C D E F G A B	(associated with B-7♭5 chord)

Combinations of the characteristic details of these modes are also in common use. For example, the Lydian dominant uses the raised 4th degree of the Lydian with the flatted seventh of the Mixolydian, yielding C D E F♯ G A B♭ C. Chromatic alterations are also useful,as in the Lydian Augumented scale C D E F♯ G♯ A B C for use on the chord Cmaj7+5.

Bebop scales

Bebop scales add a single chromatic passing tone to the 7 note major scale (Ionian and Mixolydian modes). The added passing tone creates an 8 tone scale that fits rhythmically evenly within a 4/4 measure of eight 8th notes, thus making it useful in practicing. When an 8th note bebop scale run starts on the beat from a chord tone (Root, 3rd, 5th or ♭7th) the other chord notes will also fall on the beats. As a result all of the "non-chord tones" will fall on the upbeats (the "ands" when counting "one and two and three and four and") and become passing tones.

There are two commonly used types of bebop scales:

Dominant bebop scale, which adds the raised 7th to Mixolydian: Ascending: 1 2 3 4 5 6 ♭7 7 (8) Descending: 8 ♭7 6 ♭6 5 4 3 2 (1)

Major bebop scale, which adds ♯5 to Ionian: 1 2 3 4 5 ♯5 6 7 (8)

NOTE: A dominant bebop scale works well over an entire ii V.

Modes of the melodic minor scale

A melodic minor ascending  Play (help·info).

A great deal of modern jazz harmony arises from the modes of the ascending form of the melodic minor scale, also known as the jazz melodic minor scale.^[7] This scale is essentially a diatonic major scale with a flatted third, for example C D E♭ F G A B C (Exactly the same as in "classical" music and its theory, in Jazz the melodic minor scale's sixth and seventh are not necessarily flattened when descending). As with any other scale, the modes are derived from playing the scale from different root notes, causing a series of jazz scales to emerge.^[7]

Modes of C ascending melodic minor:

i	ascending melodic minor	T, 2,♭3, 4, 5, 6, 7	(associated with C- maj7 or C-6 chords , functions as a i minor)
II	Phrygian ♮6 (or Dorian ♭2)	T,♭2,♭3, 4, 5, 6,♭7	(associated with D7 sus ♭9 chord, functions as a dominant)
III	Lydian augmented	T, 2, 3,♯4,♯5, 6, 7	(associated with E♭ maj7 +5 chord, functions as a I+)
IV	Lydian dominant (also, "Lydian ♭7")(also known as Mixolydian ♯4)	T, 2, 3,♯4, 5, 6,♭7	(associated with F7 ♯11 chord, functions as a dominant not going to I)
V	Mixolydian ♭6 (or simply "fifth mode")	T, 2, 3, 4, 5,♭6,♭7	(associated with G7 ♭13 chord, functions as a dominant)
vi	Locrian ♮2 (also known as "half-diminished" scale)	T, 2,♭3, 4, ♭5,♭6,♭7	(associated with Ami7 ♭5, which functions as a ii chord in minor)
VII	Super Locrian (also "altered dominant scale", or "altered scale")	T,♭2,♭3, ♭4,♭5,♭6,♭7	(associated with B7 ♯9 ♭13 chord, functions as a dominant)

It should be noted that the names of these scales are variations of the names used for some of the modes of the diatonic major scale, for example the Phrygian Natural 6, the second mode of the melodic minor, is named so because it is the same as the Phrygian mode of the major scale except with a raised (i.e.,♮6) sixth.

Symmetric diminished/Octatonic scale

Diminished scales on E♭, D, and D♭, ascending

There are two types of symmetric diminished scales. These scales are sometimes called octatonic scales because they contain eight tones. They are based on a series of alternating half steps and whole steps. One type starts with a half-step (H-W-H-W-H-W-H-W), and one starts with a whole step (W-H-W-H-W-H-W-H).

Because of the repetition of the interval pattern after only two notes, each note in the scale can be a root in another symmetric diminished scale. For example, the C symmetric diminished scale of the half-step-first type, is composed with the same notes as the half-step-first type E♭ scale, and the whole-step-first type D♭ scale:

C symmetric (half, whole) diminished  Play (help·info): C D♭ E♭ E F♯ G A B♭ C

E♭ symmetric (half, whole) diminished: E♭ E F♯ G A B♭ C D♭ E♭

D♭ symmetric (whole, half) diminished: D♭ E♭ E F♯ G A B♭ C D♭

All three are composed with the same group of notes: C D♭ E♭ E F♯ G A B♭ C D♭ E♭ E F♯ G A B♭

In fact, all symmetric diminished scales are composed with only three groups of notes.

Whole tone scale

Whole tone scale on B  Play (help·info): {B, D♭, E♭, F, G, A, B}.

The Whole tone scale, consisting exclusively of whole steps, is often used on V7 +5 chords (G7 + for example).

Pentatonic scales

Main article: Pentatonic scale

Two pentatonic scales common to jazz are the major pentatonic scale and the minor pentatonic scale. They are both modes to each other, respectively.

The major pentatonic scale begins with a major scale and omits the fourth and the seventh scale degrees. The C major scale is ( C, D, E, F, G, A, B ), so the C major pentatonic scale is ( C, D, E, G, A ) :

C major pentatonic scale  Play (help·info).

The minor pentatonic scale uses the same notes as the major pentatonic scale, but begins on the sixth scale degree of the corresponding major scale. Continuing the example above, A is the sixth scale degree of C major, so the A minor pentatonic scale would be ( A, C, D, E, G ) :

A minor pentatonic scale  Play (help·info).

The nomenclature, "minor pentatonic scale," minor is employed in the sense of relative key, as the diatonic A minor scale is the relative minor of the diatonic C major scale.

The minor pentatonic scale replaces the 2nd scale degree with an augmented 4 followed by the fifth and is commonly known as a blues scale.

Jazz improvisers, particularly bassist and guitarist, use these scales in a number of interesting ways. For example, over Bb Maj7#11, one can use a major pentatonic based on the 2nd scale degree of Bb (C D E G A) to imply 9, 3, ♯11, 13, and 7 respectively. Similarly, over a fully altered F#7 chord, one can use the same major pentatonic, this time based on the tritone (C D E G A) to imply ♭5, ♭13, ♭7, ♭9, and ♯9.

Blues scale

Blues scale as minor pentatonic plus flat-5th/sharp-4th  Play (help·info).

Blues scales also come in major and minor varieties. The C minor blues scale is C E♭ F F♯ G B♭ C ascending or C B♭ G G♭ F E♭ C descending. The difference in the up and down versions is only in its enharmonic spelling, i.e. G♭ vs F♯.

The C major blues scale is C D D♯ E G A C ascending or C A G E E♭ D C descending.

Guitarists often mix the major and minor pentatonics together along with the blues scale. The dorian and mixolydian modes are similar to this combination and they can also be used in the same context.

Blues scale as a chromatic variant of the major scale  Play (help·info).

Winthrop Sargeant describes the jazz scale as the above scale, defined as, "a definite series of tones within an octave used as the basis of a musical composition," compiled instead from multiple compositions and improvisations (according to Stearns: "a great many jazz records") and is hypothesized as displaying the influence of African music.^[8] The E♭ and B♭ are blue notes.^[9]

Harmonic minor scale

Main article: Harmonic minor scale

A harmonic minor  Play (help·info).

The harmonic minor scale is also of value to many improvisors, as it provides an alternative color for many common chords and chord progressions. An example is C-D-E♭-F-G-A♭-B-C. The C harmonic minor scale can be used on the chords of a piece in C minor, especially on the minor ii V7 i chord progression.

Altered dominant scale

Main article: Altered scale

Altered dominant scale on C.

The altered dominant scale, also loosely called the altered scale, is so named because all the scale members that can be altered relative to the basic dominant scale (the Mixolydian mode), without losing the dominant quality, are altered. The scale includes both altered ninths (raised and lowered), and both altered fifths (raised and lowered). Starting on C, it contains the notes: C, D♭, E♭, F♭, G♭, A♭ and B♭. The altered fifths coincide enharmonically with the sharp eleventh and the flat thirteenth which would also be considered altered relative to their Mixolydian forms. The tonic, major third, and dominant seventh are retained as essential to the dominant quality.

The scale can also be understood as a mode of the ascending melodic minor scale starting from the 7th scale degree. For a C7 chord, the C♯ melodic minor scale starting from B♯ (C enharmonically) produces the C altered dominant scale enharmonically.

This scale is also called the superlocrian scale, as it is indeed reminiscent of a locrian scale with a flattened 4th, but it is usually regarded as that of major quality.

Another name for this scale is the diminished-wholetone scale because the first tetrachord is that of a (half, whole) diminished scale and the second tetrachord is whole-tone (or locrian).

Sources

1. ^ Hatfield, Ken (2005). Jazz and the Classical Guitar Theory and Applications, p.121. ISBN 0786672366.
2. ^ Tymoczko, Dmitri (1997). "The Consecutive-Semitone Constraint on Scalar Structure: A Link Between Impressionism and Jazz", Integral 11:135–79.
3. ^ Humphries, Carl (2002). The Piano Handbook, p.262. ISBN 0879307277.
4. ^ Humphries (2002), p.128.
5. ^ Nettles, Barrie (1987). Harmony 1. Berklee College of Music. p. 34. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Humphries (2002), p.126.
7. ^ ^{a b} Baerman, Noah (1998). Complete Jazz Keyboard Method: Mastering Jazz Keyboard, p.34. ISBN 0882849131.
8. ^ Sargeant, Winthrop (1946). Jazz: Hot and Hybrid. New York, Dutton. ISBN . cited in Marshall Winslow Stearns (1970). The story of jazz, p.278. ISBN 0195012690.
9. ^ Dr. Metfessel, Milton cited in Stearns (1970), p.278.

External links

• Common Jazz Scales and How to Apply Them
• Nicolas Slonimsky – Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns, a complete guide to creating scales, arpeggios, chords and melodic permutations based on non-functional concepts
• Jerry Bergonzi – Inside Improvisation, a series of instructional books covering pentatonics, hexatonics and other types of jazz scales
• David Liebman (Jamey Aebersold publications) – a series of instructional books with live demonstrations on how to utilize various scales in jazz improvisation

Further reading

• Yamaguchi, Masaya. 2006. The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales, revised edition. New York: Masaya Music Services. ISBN 0967635306.