Order of battle of the Battle of Long Island

Lord Stirling leading an attack against the British in order to enable the retreat of other troops at the Battle of Long Island, 1776. Painting by Alonzo Chappel, 1858.

The Battle of Long Island was a decisive British victory early in the American Revolutionary War over American forces under the command of Major General George Washington, and the opening battle in a successful British campaign to gain control of New York City in 1776. The Americans had lined New York's harbor with various levels of entrenchment and fortification, which were defended by an array of Continental Army forces and militia companies from New York and nearby states.^[1] After the British made an unopposed landing on Long Island in mid-August, Washington reinforced forward positions in the hills of central Brooklyn.^[2]

The British forces were led by Lieutenant General William Howe, and included veterans of the Siege of Boston, new regiments from Ireland, and hired German troops from Hesse-Kassel. On August 27, 1776, Howe made a successful flanking maneuver around the American left while occupying the American right with diversionary battle. As a result, a significant portion of the American army became entrapped and surrendered after its retreat to the entrenched position was cut off.^[3] With a siege of the position looming, General Washington successfully withdrew his remaining army to Manhattan in the early hours of August 29.^[4]

Key

• Unit: this column identifies the unit being described or summarized. Divisions, the largest unit of aggregation (called "Lines" in the British order of battle) are identified by bold text centered in a darker background spanning the table. Brigades, the intermediate unit size, are identified only by bold text. The brigades are composed of smaller units, usually regiments or battalions, but sometimes including formations as small as companies. Unless otherwise noted, a smaller unit falls within the command hierarchy of a preceding larger unit.
• Commander: the field commander of the unit on the day of the battle.
• Unit size: the reported size of the unit. This number does not normally include the officers of the unit.
• Casualties: a listing of the casualties the unit incurred, to the level documented. In the Other column, number of captured are followed by the letter C, and number of missing by the letter M.
• Notes: other notes about the unit, possibly including further details about its place of origin and its movements in the battle theater.

British and Hessian forces

The British Army at the start of the campaign was drawn from three sources. The first was troops that had been in the Siege of Boston, which ended when the British evacuated their troops from the city to Halifax, Nova Scotia in March 1776.^[5] The second was new levies raised in the British Isles, including a significant number of Irish troops. The third was troops provided by several small German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.^[6] After the war broke out in 1775, the British government realized that it would need more troops than it could raise on its own to fight the war, so it sought to hire troops from willing third parties in Europe. Only a few German rulers were willing to provide troops.^[7] The single largest contingent, with more than 12,000 arriving in North America in 1776, came from the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel.^[8] All of the German troops with the British at the start of the New York campaign were from Hesse-Kassel,^[9] and were under the command of Lt. Gen. Leopold Philip von Heister.^[10] A regiment from Waldeck that was also destined for the New York theater did not arrive until after Manhattan was occupied.^[11]

Some of the troops sent from Europe had first been directed at operations in the southern colonies, under the direction of Lt. Gen. Henry Clinton. The expedition attempted to occupy Charleston, South Carolina, but was repulsed in the June Battle of Sullivan's Island; it then sailed for New York to join the army as it gathered on Staten Island in July and August.^[12] Clinton served as General Howe's second in command.^[13]

It was common practice at this time for regiments of the British Army to include companies of light infantry and grenadiers, composed of troops with specialized abilities and training. When an army was assembled, these companies were often separated from their regiments and formed into separate light infantry and grenadier battalions.^[14]

The Royal Navy, despite dominating the harbor, played only a limited role in the battle. HMS Roebuck penetrated as far as Red Hook on August 26, but her guns never came within range of American positions.^[15] The navy did provide some logistical support for the battle. It resupplied General James Grant's troops with gunpowder and ammunition late in the battle, and also landed 2,000 Royal Marines to share in the victory.^[16]

The primary source for this data is a return of troops prepared by General Howe on August 22, 1776, five days before the battle, and presented by historian David Hackett Fischer. Howe's report did not include a breakdown of individual unit sizes.^[13] Although a more detailed return for August 27 appears to have once existed,^[17] none of the listed sources reproduces it. According to a summary of that return, the strength of the British land forces under Howe's command was 24,464 fit for duty. This number does not include a brigade of Loyalists raised by Oliver De Lancey, Sr.,^[17] or the marines, who were not under Howe's command. Howe's headcount, including officers and those unfit for duty, came to 31,625.^[18] The casualty figures for British units are from a casualty-only return prepared by General Howe, reprinted by Field. It includes a detailed breakdown by unit of British casualties, and a summary of Hessian casualties.^[19]

British units

Unit	Commander	Casualties				Notes
		Killed	Wounded	Other	Total
Light Infantry Brigade	Brigadier General Alexander Leslie	11	61	1M	63	This brigade led Clinton's column that flanked the American left.[20] These troops were the first to occupy the unguarded Jamaica Pass.[21]
1st Battalion Light Infantry	Lieutenant Colonel Abernethy	4	24	1M	29
2nd Battalion Light Infantry	Major Strawbenzie	4	31	0	35
3rd Battalion Light Infantry	Major John Maitland	3	6	0	9
4th Battalion Light Infantry	Major John Johnson	0	0	0	0
Royal Artillery	Brigadier General Samuel Cleaveland	2	5	0	7	Casualty figures and command are not broken down to the unit level.
1st Brigade Artillery	—
2nd Brigade Artillery	—
3rd Brigade Artillery	—
Dragoons	—	0	0	0	0	The dragoons were at the head of Clinton's column in the attack.[20]
16th Light Dragoons (The Queen's Lancers)	Lieutenant Colonel William Harcourt	0	0	0	0
17th Light Dragoons	Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Birch	0	0	0	0
First Line
Commander	Lieutenant General Henry Clinton	18	49	0	67
1st Brigade	Major General Robert Pigot	0	2	0	2	This brigade was the first formation of regular infantry in Clinton's flanking column after Cornwallis's reserve force.[20]
4th Regiment of Foot (The King's Own)	Major James Ogilvie	0	0	0	0
15th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel John Bird	0	2	0	2
27th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel John Maxwell	0	0	0	0
45th Regiment of Foot	Major Saxton	0	0	0	0
2nd Brigade	Brigadier General James Agnew	0	0	0	0
5th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel William Walcott	0	0	0	0
28th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Robert Prescott	0	0	0	0
35th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Robert Carr	0	0	0	0
49th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry Calder	0	0	0	0
5th Brigade	Brigadier General Francis Smith	0	0	0	0
14th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Alured Clark	0	0	0	0	This regiment remained on Staten Island, and was not in the battle.[22]
23rd Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel J. Campbell	0	0	0	0
43rd Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel George Clerke	0	0	0	0
63rd Regiment of Foot	Major Francis Sill	0	0	0	0
6th Brigade	Brigadier General James Robertson	18	47	0	65	This brigade was placed on the British left, near The Narrows. Robertson's brigade served under Major General Grant in the battle.[23]
23rd Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard	7	28	0	35
44th Regiment of Foot	Major Henry Hope	10	19	0	29
57th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel John Campbell	1	0	0	1
64th Regiment of Foot	Major Hugh McLeroch	0	0	0	0
Second Line
Commander	Lieutenant General Hugh, Earl Percy	7	44	1M	52
3rd Brigade	Major General Daniel Jones	1	11	1M	13
10th Regiment of Foot	Major John Vatass	0	0	0	0
37th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercromby	0	1	0	1
38th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel William Butler	0	3	0	3
52nd Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Mungo Campbell	1	7	1M	9
4th Brigade	Major General James Grant	6	33	0	39	This brigade was placed on the British left, near The Narrows. In the battle, Grant commanded a division that also included Robertson's 6th Brigade.[23] They made an attack on the American right as a distraction from the British move around their left flank.[24]
17th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood	3	21	0	24
40th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel James Grant	2	5	0	7	Grant was killed in the early diversionary attack.[25]
46th Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Enoch Markham	0	4	0	4
55th Regiment of Foot	Captain Luke	1	3	0	4
7th Brigade	Brigadier General William Erskine	0	0	0	0	This brigade marched behind Pigot's in Clinton's column.[20] It was among those surrounding Stirling's force from behind.[26]
1st Battalion 71st Regiment of Foot	Major John Macdonnell of Lochgary	0	0	0	0
2nd Battalion 71st Regiment of Foot	Major Norman Lamont of Lamont	0	0	0	0
Reserve corps
Commander	Lieutenant General Charles, Earl Cornwallis	14	69	23M	106	This brigade followed the light infantry in Clinton's column.[20] After flanking the American left, these troops drove the retreating Americans before them, toward Brooklyn Heights or the Hessian brigades arriving from the American right.[27]
1st Battalion Grenadiers	Lieutenant Colonel Henry Monckton	1	4	0	5
2nd Battalion Grenadiers	Lieutenant Colonel William Medows	12	38	22M	72	This unit was among those surrounding Stirling's forces from behind.[26]
3rd Battalion Grenadiers	Major Thomas March	0	1	0	1
4th Battalion Grenadiers	Major Charles Stuart	1	12	1M	14
33rd Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel James Webster	0	4	0	4
42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot	Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Stirling	0	10	0	10
Royal Marines
Royal Marines	Commander not identified in sources	1	0	12C	13	These marines, numbering 2,000, were landed beween 10:00 and 11:00 am to support General James Grant.[16] One company of marines mistook an American unit for Hessians and was captured; one of these was killed by gunfire en route to the American lines.[28]
British casualties		53	228	37	318
Unless otherwise cited, the information in this table is provided by Fischer, pp. 388–390, or Field, pp. 416–419.

Hessian units

Unit	Commander	Notes
Mirbach's Brigade	Major General Werner von Mirbach	This brigade participated in the frontal attack through the Flatbush Pass timed to coincide with the attack by the British flanking force of Clinton and Howe.[29]
Knyphausen Regiment	Colonel H. C. von Borck
Rall Regiment	Colonel Johann Rall
Lossberg Regiment	Colonel H. A. von Heringen
Stirn's Brigade	Major General J. D. von Stirn	This brigade participated in the frontal attack through the Flatbush Pass timed to coincide with the attack by the British flanking force of Clinton and Howe.[29]
Donop Regiment	Colonel D. E. von Gosen
Mirbach Regiment	Colonel Johann von Loos
Hereditary Prince (Erbprinz) Regiment	Colonel C. W. von Hachenberg
Donop's Brigade	Colonel Carl von Donop	This brigade participated in the frontal attack through the Flatbush Pass timed to coincide with the attack by the British flanking force of Clinton and Howe.[29] These men, including the jäger corps, were in the lead of the Hessian column.[27] Many Americans surrendered to these units, driven by the British.[30]
Bloch Grenadier Battalion	Lieutenant Colonel Justus von Bloch
Minnigerode Grenadier Battalion	Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich von Minnigerode
Linsing Grenadier Battalion	Lieutenant Colonel Otto von Linsing
Feldjäger Corps	Colonel Carl von Donop	This unit was under Donop, but not organized within his brigade.
Lossberg's Brigade	Colonel A. H. von Lossberg	This brigade remained on Staten Island to guard the British and German camps there, and had no part in the action.[23]
Ditfurth Regiment	Colonel Carl von Bose
Trumbach Regiment	Colonel C. E. von Bischauen
Hessian casualties: 2 killed, 26 wounded (all participating units)
Unless otherwise cited, the information in this table is provided by Fischer, pp. 388–390, or Field, pp. 416–419.

American forces

The troops arrayed to oppose the British were primarily from regiments of the Continental Army, although there were a large number of militia units from New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in the field as well.^[31] A significant number of the Continentals had participated in the Siege of Boston, after which they had moved to join troops already in New York preparing its defenses.^[32] Some troops had participated in the expeditions against Quebec begun in fall 1775.^[33] That attempt ended in June 1776 after a disastrous retreat to Fort Ticonderoga prompted by the arrival of a large British force at Quebec City, and some of those troops were then rushed south to assist in New York.^[34] The American defense of Long Island became complicated when Major General Nathanael Greene fell ill on August 15. He had directed the defense work on Long Island, and was thus the general most familiar with the terrain. Washington replaced him on August 20 with Major General John Sullivan, lately returned from Ticonderoga.^[34] After sending reinforcements onto Long Island on August 25, Washington replaced Sullivan with the ranking major general, Israel Putnam.^[35] David Hackett Fischer observes that the American command situation was "[s]o tangled [...] that units were uncertain about their commanders and not sure of the positions they were to defend."^[36]

The basis for this order of battle is a return prepared by General Washington on August 3. It encompasses all of the units stationed in the New York area, not only those involved in the battle. The total provided is a listing of all troops, not just those listed as ready for duty. A substantial number of troops were sick during July and August. For example, General William Heath, writing in his memoirs, recorded that about 10,000 men were sick on August 8, and Washington reported on September 2 having fewer than 20,000 men present and fit for duty.^[37] Later returns were apparently impossible: Washington wrote to Congress on August 26 that "[t]he shifting and changing which the regiments have undergone of late has prevented their making proper returns, and of course puts it out of my power to transmit a general one of the army."^[38]

The notes for each unit give some indication of where it was stationed, and what sort of movements it made, especially between August 22 and 29, a time period in which there were several significant movements and reassignments of troops. A number of units were moved from Manhattan to Long Island after the British landing on Long Island, and more were sent over during and after the fighting to bolster the defenses before they were finally abandoned on August 29.^[39]

Detailed American casualties are not available because many of the relevant records were destroyed by fire in 1800.^[40] British and Hessian estimates placed the total American losses at around 3,000, and a return prepared by General Howe listed 1,097 prisoners, including Generals John Sullivan, Lord Stirling, and Nathaniel Woodhull. Casualty numbers for specific units are rare; historian John Gallagher has compiled a partial listing confirming 1,120 killed or missing, noting that returns for 52 of 70 units under Washington's command are missing.^[41] The Maryland Regiment of William Smallwood was virtually wiped out, suffering 256 killed and more than 100 captured out of a unit numbering nearly 400.^[42] Casualty figures are listed as notes if they are available for a given unit.

Unit	Commander	Unit size	Notes
Putnam's Division
Commander	Major General Israel Putnam	5,615	This division was stationed on Manhattan during the battle.[43]
Read's Brigade	Colonel Joseph Read	1,997	This brigade was actually assigned to Brig. Gen. James Clinton. Read commanded it in the general's absence.[44]
3rd Continental Regiment	Colonel Ebenezer Learned	521
13th Continental Regiment	Colonel Joseph Read	505
23rd Continental Regiment	Colonel John Bailey	503
26th Continental Regiment	Colonel Loammi Baldwin	468
Scott's Brigade	Brigadier General John Morin Scott	1,527	This unit was originally stationed in lower Manhattan.[45] It was sent to Long Island before the battle.[46]
New York militia	Colonel John Lasher	510
New York levies	Colonel William Malcolm	297
New York militia	Colonel Samuel Drake	459
New York militia	Colonel Cornelius Humphrey	261
Fellows' Brigade	Brigadier General John Fellows	2,091	This brigade was stationed on Manhattan, and did not participate in the battle.[47]
Massachusetts militia	Colonel Jonathan Holman	606	This unit was from Worcester County.[48]
Massachusetts militia	Colonel Simeon Cary	569	This unit had men from Bristol and Plymouth Counties.[48]
Massachusetts militia	Colonel Jonathan Smith	551	This unit was from Berkshire County.[48]
14th (Marblehead) Continental Regiment	Colonel John Glover	365	Glover's regiment, stationed on Manhattan during the battle, was sent over to Brooklyn on August 28, and was instrumental in evacuating the army on the night of August 29–30.[49]
Heath's Division
Commander	Major General William Heath	4,265	Heath, based at King's Bridge, was responsible for the northernmost defenses, on the Hudson just above Manhattan. Most of his units were not involved in the battle.[50]
Mifflin's Brigade	Brigadier General Thomas Mifflin	2,453	This brigade was stationed at Harlem Heights, and did not participate in the battle.[51] Mifflin went to Brooklyn with some of his troops, and commanded the rear of the retreat to Manhattan.[52]
5th Pennsylvania Battalion	Colonel Robert Magaw	480	These units was sent to Brooklyn on the morning of August 28.[51]
3rd Pennsylvania Battalion	Colonel John Shee	496
27th Continental Regiment	Colonel Israel Hutchinson	513	This unit (along with John Glover's) manned the boats during the retreat.[53]
16th Continental Regiment	Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent	527
Ward's Connecticut Regiment	Colonel Andrew Ward	437
Clinton's Brigade	Brigadier General George Clinton	1,812	This unit was stationed in upper Manhattan before the battle.[47]
New York militia	Colonel Isaac Nichol	289	This unit was from Orange County.[54]
New York militia	Colonel Thomas Thomas	354	This unit was from Westchester County.[54]
New York militia	Colonel James Swartwout	364	This unit was from Dutchess County.[55]
New York militia	Colonel Levi Paulding	368	This unit was from Ulster County.[55]
New York militia	Colonel Morris Graham	437	This unit was from Dutchess County.[55]
Spencer's Division
Commander	Major General Joseph Spencer	5,889	Initially stationed in lower Manhattan, some of these units were sent over to Long Island before the battle.[47]
Parson's Brigade	Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons	2,469	This brigade was sent to Long Island on August 25, when it was clear that was the British target.[56] Parsons had overall command of the Gowanus Heights defenses.[57]
10th Continental Regiment	Colonel John Tyler	569
17th Continental Regiment	Colonel Jedediah Huntington	348	This unit suffered heavy casualties: 199 killed or missing.[58]
20th Continental Regiment	Colonel John Durkee	520
21st Continental Regiment	Colonel Jonathan Ward	502
22nd Continental Regiment	Colonel Samuel Wyllys	530	This regiment was assigned to guard the Bedford Pass the night before the battle.[59]
Wadsworth's Brigade	Brigadier General James Wadsworth	3,420
1st Connecticut State Levies	Colonel Gold Selleck Silliman	415	This unit was initially stationed on Manhattan, but was transferred to Long Island before the battle.[60]
2nd Connecticut State Levies	Colonel Fisher Gay	449
3rd Connecticut State Levies	Colonel Comfort Sage	482	This unit was initially stationed on Manhattan, but was transferred to Long Island before the battle.[60]
4th Connecticut State Levies	Colonel Samuel Selden	464
5th Connecticut State Levies	Colonel William Douglas	506
6th Connecticut State Levies	Colonel John Chester	535	This unit was initially stationed on Manhattan, but was transferred to Long Island before the battle.[60] It was assigned to guard the Bedford Pass the night before the battle.[59]
7th Connecticut State Levies	Colonel Phillip Burr Bradley	569
Sullivan's Division
Commander	Major General John Sullivan	5,688	Sullivan took command of this division on August 20, when Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene fell ill.[61] The division was on the far left of the American line, and suffered the most from the British onslaught. Sullivan was the most senior Continental officer taken prisoner in the battle.
Stirling's Brigade	Brigadier General William Alexander (Lord Stirling)	3,700	This brigade was sent to Long Island on August 25, when it was clear that was the British target.[56] Stirling was stationed on the right side of the American line on the Gowanus Heights.[57] His command was almost wiped out after becoming surrounded, and he was taken prisoner.[62]
1st Maryland Regiment	Colonel William Smallwood	400[42]	This unit anchored the right against British General Grant's diversionary attack.[63] Some of its men fought a vicious rearguard action making possible the escape of much of Stirling's command.[64] More than 100 men were captured and 256 killed, practically wiping the regiment out.[42]
1st Delaware Regiment	Colonel John Haslet	750	This unit fought in the center against British General Grant's diversionary attack.[63][65]
Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment	Colonel Samuel Miles	650	This unit was responsible for guarding the hills at the far left of the American line.[66] It suffered heavy casualties: 209 killed or missing.[58]
Pennsylvania State Battalion of Musketry	Colonel Samuel John Atlee	650	This unit fought against British General Grant's diversionary attack,[65] and suffered 89 casualties.[58]
Pennsylvania militia	Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Lutz	200
Pennsylvania militia	Lieutenant Colonel Peter Hachlein	200
Pennsylvania militia	Major William Hay	200
McDougall's Brigade	Brigadier General Alexander McDougall	1,988	Originally stationed in lower Manhattan, some of these troops were sent to Long Island before the battle.[47]
1st New York Regiment	Colonel Goose Van Schaick[67]	428	This was McDougall's regiment prior to his promotion.
2nd New York Regiment	Colonel Rudolphus Ritzema	434
19th Continental Regiment	Colonel Charles Webb	542	This unit was sent to Long Island before the battle.[46]
Artificers	Colonel Jonathan Brewer	584
Greene's Division
Commander	Major General Nathanael Greene	3,912	Greene was taken ill on August 15; his division was commanded by John Sullivan. It was the principal force defending Long Island.[34]
Nixon's Brigade	Brigadier General John Nixon	2,318	This brigade was sent to Long Island on August 25, when it was clear that was the British target.[56]
1st Pennsylvania Regiment	Colonel Edward Hand	288
Varnum's Rhode Island Regiment	Colonel James Varnum	391
Hitchcock's Rhode Island Regiment	Colonel Daniel Hitchcock	368
4th Continental Regiment	Colonel Thomas Nixon[47]	419
7th Continental Regiment	Colonel William Prescott	399
12th Continental Regiment	Colonel Moses Little	453
Heard's Brigade	Brigadier General Nathaniel Heard	1,594	This brigade was sent to Long Island on August 25, when it was clear that was the British target.[56]
New Jersey State Troops	Colonel David  Forman	372
New Jersey militia	Colonel Philip Johnston	235	Johnston's unit was on guard duty on the Flatbush Road the night before the attack. Johnston was mortally wounded in the battle.[68]
New Jersey militia	Colonel Ephraim Martin	382
New Jersey militia	Colonel Silas Newcomb	336
New Jersey militia	Colonel Phillip Van Cortlandt	269
Other units
Connecticut militia brigade	Brigadier General Oliver Wolcott	4,200	This brigade was stationed on Manhattan, and did not participate in the battle.[47] The unit strengths are described in surviving documents as an average.[69]
Connecticut militia	Colonel Thompson	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Hinman	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Pettibone	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Joseph Platt Cooke[70]	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Matthew Talcott[71]	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Chapman	350
Connecticut militia	Colonel Baldwin	350
Connecticut militia	Lieutenant Colonel Mead	350
Connecticut militia	Lieutenant Colonel Lewis	350
Connecticut militia	Lieutenant Colonel Pitkin	350
Connecticut militia	Major Strong	350
Connecticut militia	Major Newberry	350
Long Island militia	Brigadier General Nathaniel Woodhull	450	These units performed "fatigue" work, principally driving cattle. Stationed on the American left, it included small cavalry units familiar with the area, but these were not used for guard duty.[72]
Long Island militia	Colonel Josiah Smith	250	This unit was from Suffolk County.[73]
Long Island militia	Colonel Jeronimus Remsen	200	This unit was mainly from Queens County,[73] and included men from Kings County.[54]
Artillery	Colonel Henry Knox	403
Total size		30,434
Unless otherwise cited, the information in this table is provided by Fischer, pp. 385–388.

Notes

1. ^ Gallagher, pp. 75–80
2. ^ Gallagher, p. 99
3. ^ Gallagher, pp. 97–134
4. ^ Fischer, pp. 99–101
5. ^ Field, p. 124
6. ^ Field, p. 130
7. ^ Fischer, p. 52
8. ^ Eelking, p. 23
9. ^ Eelking, pp. 24–25
10. ^ Johnston, p. 136
11. ^ Eelking, p. 45
12. ^ Field, p. 129
13. ^ ^{a b} Fischer, p. 388
14. ^ Fischer, pp. 34–35
15. ^ Carrington, p. 201
16. ^ ^{a b} Gallagher, p. 124
17. ^ ^{a b} Carrington, p. 199
18. ^ Carrington, p. 200
19. ^ Field, pp. 416–419
20. ^ ^{a b c d e} Johnston, p. 176
21. ^ Johnston, p. 179
22. ^ Eelking, p. 29
23. ^ ^{a b c} Johnston, p. 160
24. ^ Schecter, p. 141
25. ^ Schecter, p. 146
26. ^ ^{a b} Johnston, p. 187
27. ^ ^{a b} Johnston, p. 184
28. ^ Johnston, p. 300
29. ^ ^{a b c} Johnston, p. 182
30. ^ Johnston, p. 185
31. ^ Fischer, pp. 385–388
32. ^ Fischer, p. 11
33. ^ Johnston, p. 111
34. ^ ^{a b c} Schecter, p. 121
35. ^ Schecter, p. 131
36. ^ Fischer, p. 93
37. ^ Johnston, p. 125
38. ^ Field, p. 163
39. ^ Gallagher, pp. 89,95,110–111,141,147–149
40. ^ Reno, p. 30
41. ^ Gallagher, p. 136
42. ^ ^{a b c} Gallagher, p. 130
43. ^ Johnston, pp. 131–132
44. ^ Johnston, p. 127
45. ^ Johnston, p. 131
46. ^ ^{a b} Carrington, p. 213
47. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Johnston, p. 132
48. ^ ^{a b c} Johnston, p. 117
49. ^ Johnston, pp. 208,221
50. ^ Johnston, p. 63
51. ^ ^{a b} Johnston, p. 208
52. ^ Johnston, p. 216
53. ^ Johnston, p. 221
54. ^ ^{a b c} Johnston, p. 110
55. ^ ^{a b c} Johnston, p. 109
56. ^ ^{a b c d} Schecter, p. 130
57. ^ ^{a b} Schecter, p. 132
58. ^ ^{a b c} Gallagher, p. 137
59. ^ ^{a b} Johnston, p. 156
60. ^ ^{a b c} Smith, p. 27
61. ^ Johnston, p. 103
62. ^ Schecter, pp. 150,153
63. ^ ^{a b} Johnston, p. 166
64. ^ Schecter, p. 150
65. ^ ^{a b} Schecter, p. 143
66. ^ Field, p. 185
67. ^ Heitman, p. 557
68. ^ Johnston, p. 196
69. ^ Johnston, p. 121
70. ^ Heitman, p. 169
71. ^ Heitman, p. 531
72. ^ Field, p. 292
73. ^ ^{a b} Field, p. 290

References

• Carrington, Henry Beebee (1876). Battles of the American Revolution, 1775–1781. New York: A. S. Barnes. OCLC 1362214. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tul2AAAAMAAJ&f=false. 
• Eelking, Max von (1893). The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783.. Rosengarten, J. G. (translator). Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons. OCLC 1591841. http://books.google.com/books?id=I0ItAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=eelking+germans+revolution&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Field, Thomas Warren (1869). The Battle of Long Island. Brooklyn: The Long Island Historical Society. OCLC 3633542. http://books.google.com/books?id=GnwsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=battle+of+long+island. 
• Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195170344. OCLC 186017328. 
• Gallagher, John J (1995). The Battle of Brooklyn 1776. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 9781885119698. OCLC 53003329. 
• Heitman, Francis Bernard (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Washington, DC: Rare Book Shop Publishing. OCLC 1069079. http://books.google.com/books?id=tZALAAAAIAAJ. 
• Johnston, Henry Phelps (1898). The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn. Brooklyn: The Long Island Historical Society. OCLC 234710. http://books.google.com/books?id=cVAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110#v=onepage&f=false. 
• Reno, Linda Davis (2008). The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 9780786435371. OCLC 188535862. 
• Schecter, Barnet (2002). The Battle for New York. New York: Walker and Co. ISBN 9780802713742. OCLC 50658296. 
• Smith, David; Turner, Graham (2008). New York 1776: The Continental's First Battle. New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846032851. OCLC 181422963. http://books.google.com/books?id=OclOC6WyNtUC&lpg=PA25&lr&pg=PA26#v=onepage&f=false.