Leader of the Opposition (Israel)

Tzipi Livni, The current Leader of the Opposition

Israel

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The Leader of the Opposition (Hebrew: יושב ראש האופוזיציה‎, Yoshev Rosh Ha-Opozitzya, or יו"ר האופוזיציה, Yor Ha-Opozitzya), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in the Israeli legislative body, the Knesset.

Until 2000

Until 2000, the role of the Opposition Leader was not an official position, but rather an honorary role. The Leader of the Opposition used to be the leader of the largest party not within the government, which was also the second largest party in the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, either Likud Party or Israeli Labor Party, in all their versions. However, the party leading the coalition had never won the majority in the Knesset, but rather maintained it through a majority coalition building process within the Knesset. Over half a century (except for two occasions), either the Likud party or the Labor party, in all their versions, had formed the government (i.e. the Cabinet), without the other rival party joining the government, and thus except for these two occasions, wherein 1967–1970, Golda Meir and Levi Eshkol, and in 1984–1988, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Shamir had formed a National Unity Government, consisting of the two major rival parties, the Opposition Leader had always been the chairman of either the Likud party or the chairman of Labor, and It is commonly said^{[by whom?]} that during that period, wherein the two major rivals parties were joined by a unity government, there were practically no opposition in the Knesset.

Since year 2000

Even with the absence of a law defining the role of the Opposition Leader until year 2000, it was customary to conduct update meetings between the Prime Minister and the chairman of the largest party not within the government. However, it was carried out only accordingly to the Prime Minister's decision, and thus the Knesset had to pass a legislation that will anchor the position of the Opposition Leader, in order to strengthen the Opposition's status as an oversight apparatus to the operations of the installed government's activities.

The Knesset Law, Chapter 6

In early 2000, two bills requiring to amend the Opposition Leader's status were submitted to the knesset. One was a "Government bill" (bill initiated by the government), and the other was a "private members' bill" (Initiated by a single or a group of Knesset Members), submitted by MK Uzi Landau. The bills were merged into one amendment, and on 17 July, 2000, the Knesset had approved Amendment 8. to the "Knesset Law" of 1994 ^[1], wherein chapter 6 within this law was added, and had outlined the role of the Leader of the Opposition.

The law stipulates the selection of the Opposition Leader, his replacement, regulates his ceremonial role in various official events, and obliges the prime minister to update him on current state affairs once a month. The law also stipulates that the Opposition Leader's salary will be determined by knesset committee, and shall not be lower than a salary of a Cabinet minister.

The problematics of the legislation

As long as the role of the Leader of the Opposition was an honorary role, the knesset members of the opposition didn't care much who will be the Leader of the Opposition, but when the proposal to regulate his role came up, questions began to rise: 'Who is the opposition leader?', since the opposition is made up from various parties, that the only thing they have in common is the fact that none of them is a member of the governing coalition and the cabinet, and in addition, the Opposition Leader is a person whose party may have won by only one vote more than the other opposition parties. In this way, there can be a situation where the opposition members are for example, rightist National Union on one hand, and the Arab parties, on the other hand. The question was whether there can be an opposition leader that will be able to assemble all factions of the opposition, and to properly represent each and everyone's interest within the opposition.

In one example, where these concerns where actually practiced, was in 2005, when the secularist party of Shinui was forced to leave the governing coalition, and the chairman of that party, then MK Tommy Lapid was selected to head the opposition in the Knesset, while the religious-orthodox parties, United Torah Judaism and Shas, refused to recognize his authority and claimed he did not represent them.

List of Opposition leaders

• 1948-1967: Menachem Begin
• 1967-1970: There wasn't any clear Opposition Leader during this period, though the head of the largest faction within the Opposition, between 1967-1969, was Meir Ya'ari (Mapam party, 8 seats). Between 1969-1970, Yitzhak-Meir Levin (Agudat Israel party, 4 seats) was the leader of the largest Opposition faction.
• 1970-1977: Menachem Begin
• 1977-1984: Shimon Peres
• 1984-1990: There wasn't any clear Opposition Leader during this period, though the head of the largest faction within the Opposition, between 1984-1988, was Yuval Ne'eman (Tehiya-Tzomet party, 5 seats). Between 1988-1990, Shulamit Aloni (Ratz party, 5 seats), was the leader of the largest Opposition faction.
• 1990-1992: Shimon Peres
• 1992-1993: Yitzhak Shamir
• 1993-1996: Benjamin Netanyahu
• 1996-1997: Shimon Peres
• 1997-1999: Ehud Barak
• 1999-2000: Ariel Sharon

Post-2000

After Amendment 8. to the "Knesset law" of 1994 was passed, the Leader of the Opposition became the person which the largest faction of the Opposition selected:

1. 2000-2001: Ariel Sharon
2. 2001-2003: Yossi Sarid
3. 2003: Amram Mitzna
4. 2003: Dalia Itzik
5. 2003-2005: Shimon Peres
6. 2005: Tommy Lapid
7. 2005-2006: Amir Peretz
8. 2006-2009: Benjamin Netanyahu
9. 2009: Tzipi Livni - Incumbent

References

1. ^ Not the "Basic law: the Knesset"

External links

• Chapter 6: Leader of the Opposition, The Knesset law of 1994 Wikisource (Hebrew)