Northern Bavarian

Northern Austro-Bavarian
Nordboarisch
Spoken in	Germany
Region	Upper Palatinate, Upper Franconia, Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic High German Upper German Bavarian Northern Austro-Bavarian
Writing system	Latin (German alphabet), historically the Gothic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Bavarian dialects   Northern Bavarian
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Northern Bavarian is a dialect of the Bavarian language, together with Central Bavarian and Southern Bavarian. The language is mostly spoken in the Upper Palatinate, although not in Regensburg, which is a primarily Central Bavarian–speaking area, according to a linguistic survey done in the late 1980s.^[1] According to the same survey, Northern Bavarian is also spoken in Upper Franconia, as well as in some areas in Upper and Lower Bavaria, such as in the areas around Eichstätt and Kelheim. Few speakers remained in the Czech Republic, mostly concentrated around Aš and Železná Ruda, at the time of the survey, but considering the time which has passed since the survey, the dialect may be extinct in those places today. If it still exists there, it would include the ostegerländische Dialektgruppe.^[2][3] Ethnologue states that there are 9,000 speakers of the Bavarian language as of 2005 in the Czech Republic, but doesn't state how many of these are speakers of Northern Bavarian.^[4]

According to the same linguistic survey,^[1] the dialect is flourishing in the areas where it is spoken, despite the fact that most speakers are also fluent in German. In the south of the area where Northern Bavarian is spoken, Central Bavarian is said to have higher prestige, and Northern Bavarian characteristics are therefore not as visible as in the north, where speakers even tend to use a heavy Northern Bavarian accent when speaking German.

Phonology

Vowels

Northern Bavarian has 8 vowels:

	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a	ɑ

And 11 diphthongs:

Ending with /i/	Ending with /u/	Ending with /ə/
/ɛ͡i/	/ɔ͡u/	/e͡ə/
/e͡i/	/o͡u/	/i͡ə/
/a͡i/	/a͡u/	/u͡ə/
/o͡i/		/o͡ə/

The allophones [ʏ, ø, œ] exist for /i, e, ɛ/ when followed by /l/.

In southern varieties of Northern Bavarian the diphthongs [i͡ə, u͡ə] are realized as [iɐ, uɐ].

An interesting aspect of the diphthongs are the so-called reversed diphthongs, or in German, gestürzte Diphthonge. They are called so because the Middle High German diphthongs [i͡e, y͡e, u͡o] became [e͡i, o͡u] ([y] became [i] after unrounding) in Northern Bavarian, while they generally became [iː, yː, uː] in Standard German. Compare Standard German Brief [briːf], Bruder [bruːdɐ], Brüder [bryːdɐ] and Northern Bavarian [b̥re͡iv̥], [b̥ro͡ud̥ɐ], [b̥re͡id̥ɐ].^[5]

The Northern Bavarian diphthong [ɔ͡u] corresponds to the Middle High German and Standard German [oː, aː]. Compare Standard German Schaf [ʃaːf], Stroh [ʃtroː] and Northern Bavarian [ʒ̊ɔ͡uv̥], [ʒ̊d̥rɔ͡u].^[6] Likewise, the Northern Bavarian diphthong [ɛ͡i] corresponds to the Middle High German and Standard German [eː] and by unrounding to [øː]. Compare Standard German Schnee [ʃneː], böse [bøːzɛ] with Northern Bavarian [ʒ̊n̥ɛ͡i], [b̥ɛ͡iz̥].^[7]

In many Northern Bavarian variants, nasalization is increasingly common.

Consonants

Northern Bavarian has about 33 consonants:

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Plosive	p	b̥			t	d̥					k	ɡ̊
Nasal	m				n						ŋ
Fricative	β, β̬		f	v̥	s	z̥	ʃ	ʒ̊	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ̊	h
Affricate	p͡f	b̥͡v			t͡s	d̥͡z	t͡ʃ	d̥͡ʒ			k͡x
Trill					r
Approximant					l, lʲ				j

/r/ is realized as either [ɐ] or [ə] when occurring postvocally.

/lʲ/ may be syllabic, as in Northern Bavarian [mlʲ]; compare Standard German Mühle.

Grammar

Nouns

Gender

All nouns in Northern Bavarian one of have three genders: feminine, masculine and neuter. Many nouns have the same gender as in Standard German, but there are many exceptions. An example is Benzin, which is neuter in Standard German, but masculine in Northern Bavarian. Another example is Butter, which is feminine in Standard German, but can be all three genders in Northern Bavarian depending on where in the Northern Bavarian–speaking you are.^[8]

Case

As in Standard German there are four cases in Northern Bavarian: nominative, accusative, genitive and dative. The genitive case, however, is uncommon and is commonly replaced either with the dative and a possessive pronoun or with the preposition von [v̥ə, v̥ən, v̥əm] and the dative, e.g. [m̩̩ v̥ɑtɐ z̥ãi ha͡ːuz̥], or [s̩ ha͡ːuz̥ v̥om v̥ɑtɐ] father's house. An exception is the genitive instead of the dative after the singular possessive pronouns, e.g. [hintɐ mainɐ], which is as correct as [hintɐ miɐ] behind me. Prepositions take the dative or the accusative, but not the genitive, e.g. [d̥rots n̩ reːŋ] (formally [d̥rots m̩ reːŋ]) despite the rain. The dative ending -m often sounds like the accusative ending -n (see the previous example), so that these two cases are not distinguishable.^[9][10]

Inflection

Nouns in Northern Bavarian are inflected for number, and to a lesser extent, case. Inflecting for number is common across all three genders, and especially umlaut is productive, in particular in masculine nouns. The most common plural marker in feminine nouns is [n], while it is [ɐ] with most neuter nouns. Many nouns, across the genders, are the same in the plural as in the singular.

English head, Standard German Kopf, Northern Bavarian sg. m. [kʰoːb̥͡v] > pl. [kʰep͡f]

English cat, Standard German Katze, Northern Bavarian sg. f. [kʰɑt͡s] > pl. [kʰɑt͡sn̩]

English house, Standard German Haus, Northern Bavarian sg. n. [ha͡ːuz̥] > pl. [ha͡ːiz̥ɐ]

Weak masculine nouns are inflected in the accusative and dative case, most commonly with suffixation of a nasal consonant, such as [m] or [n], while the other cases remain uninflected. Many weak feminine nouns have the ending [n] in most cases, though not to be confused with the plural ending. Weak neuter nouns have almost been lost, with only strong remaining, and therefore inflection for case is basically nonexistent.

English boy, Standard German Bube, Northern Bavarian m. nom. [dɐ bo͡u] > m. acc./dat. [n̩ bo͡um]

Adjectives

The inflection of adjectives in Northern Bavarian differ depending on whether the adjective is preceded by a definite article or a demonstrative, or if it is preceded by an indefinite article or a possessive, or if it is used as a predicate, of which the latter is only present in some varieties. Adjectives without any determiner rarely occur.

Below can the inflectiononal paradigms be seen, with the adjective [ɔːld̥] serving as an example. This is also the form used in all situations, when the adjective is used as a predicate, and therefore no paradigm is needed. Compare Northern Bavarian [ɔːld̥] with the Standard German alt, in English old.

	Precedence of a definite article, or a demonstrative
	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	[d̥ɐ ɔlt]	[d̥e͡i ɔlt]	[s ɔlt]	[d̥e͡i ɔltn̩]		[d̥e͡iɐ ɔltn̩]
Accusative	[n̩ ɔltn̩]
Dative		[d̥ɐr(ɐ) ɔltn̩]	[n̩ ɔltn̩]	[(ɐ)n ɔltn̩]

	Precedence of an indefinite article, or a possessive
	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	[ɐ ɔltɐ]	[ɐ ɔltɐ]	[ɐ ɔlts]	[ɔlt]		[ɔltɐ]
Accusative	[ɐn ɔltn̩]
Dative		[ɐrɐ ɔltn̩]	[ɐn ɔltn̩]	[ɔltn̩]

The predicate form of an adjective differ from the other forms, not only because it is the basic form, but also because it has a long vowel, unlike the other forms, as in [ɔːld̥] above. Other examples include [ɡ̊rɔːuz̥] and [b̥rɔːɐd̥], which become [ɡ̊ro͡us] and [b̥ro͡it], respectively. Compare with the Standard German gross and breit, in English big and broad.

Comparative adjectives are formed by suffixing [ɐ], and superlative adjectives are formed by suffixing [st]. Vowel changes often take place when the suffixation happens. An example is [hɔːuɣ̊], which becomes [hɛixɐ] when comparative and [hɛikst] when superlative. Compare with the Standard German hoch, höher and höchsten, in English high, higher and highest.

Pronouns

The pronouns of Northern Bavarian differ slightly from variety to variety. Furthermore, there are two pairs of pronouns, one used when in stressed position and the other used when unstressed.

	Singular, Stressed
	First person	Second person		Third person
		Informal	Formal	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	[iː(j)]	[d̥uː]	[z̥iː]	[eɐ]	[z̥iː]	-
Accusative	[miː(j)]	[d̥iː(j)]	[eɐ̃nɐ]	[eɐ̃m]
Dative	[miɐ]	[d̥iɐ]			[iɐ]

	Singular, Unstressed
	First person	Second person		Third person
		Informal	Formal	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	[e]	-	[z̥]	[ɐ]	[z̥], [s]
Accusative	[me]	[d̥e]		[n(ɐ)]
Dative	[mɐ]	[d̥ɐ]	-		[ɐrɐ]	[n(ɐ)]

	Plural, Stressed
	First person	Second person	Third person
Nominative	[miɐ]	[d̥iɐts], [eŋk(s)]	-
Accusative	[unz̥]	[eŋk(s)], [aiç]
Dative			[eɐ̃nɐ]

	Plural, Unstressed
	First person	Second person	Third person
Nominative	[mɐ]	[s]	[z̥], [s]
Accusative	-
Dative			[nɐ]

There is no gender distinction in the plural.

The ending [j] in the stressed first person singular nominative and -accusative and in stressed the second person singular accusative is only present in northern- and western varieties of Northern Bavarian.

At the time of a linguistic survey carried out in the late 1980s,^[1] pronouns also existed for unstressed first person plural accusative and unstressed second person plural accusative, [iz] and [iç], respectively, but they have probably fallen out of usage today.

Verbs

Verbs in Northern Bavarian are conjugated for person, tense and mood. The Northern Bavarian verbs are also subject to both vowel change and apophony.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite forms have one three endings: [∅], [n] and [ɐ]. The first ending is rare, and is only present in some few monosyllabic verbs, such as [za͡i], Standard German sein, English to be; [ɡ̊ɛi], Standard German gehen, English to go; [ʒ̊d̥ɛi], [[Standard German stehen, English to stand; and [d̥o͡u], Standard German tun, English to do. The second ending is the most common ending found on most verbs, such as [b̥itn̩], Standard German bitten, English to ask. The third ending is used with verbs having a certain stem-final consonant, such as [z̥iŋɐ], Standard German singen, English to sing.^[11]

Present tense

The personal endings for the present tense differ slightly from variety to variety, but are largely uniform. The endings in the scheme below are attached to the stem, and not the non-finite form. The stem is found by removing the non-finite ending, if it is [n] or [ɐ].

	Singular	Plural
First person	-Ø	nf.
Second person	-[z̥d̥]	-[t͡s]
Third person	-[d̥]	nf.

As can be seen in the scheme above, the first person singular is basically the same as the stem, and the first- and third persons plural are the same as the non-finite form. Furthermore, the third person singular is realized as -[d̥] when occurring before a fortis obstruent, and that in some southern varieties of Northern Bavarian the first person plural has the ending -[mɐ], and therefore isn't the non-finite form.

The singular imperative is the same as the first person singular, and the plural imperative is the same as the second person plural. Only one exception exists, which is the imperative of [z̥a͡i], Standard German sein, English to be, which is [b̥iː].

Past tense

Only one verb with a distinct simple past tense form remains, [z̥a͡i], Standard German sein, English to be, with the simple past tense form [βo͡ə], Standard German war, English was. The past tense of other verbs is formed in the same way as Standard German uses haben or sein, English to have and to be, respectively, and the past participle.

The past participle in Northern Bavarian is formed by the prefix [ɡ̊]-, although not on verbs beginning with a plosive consonant, where the prefix is left out. Thus we see [ɡ̊ʒ̊it], Standard German geschüttet, English shaken; [ɡ̊numɐ], Standard German genommen, English taken; [b̥rɑxd̥], Standard German gebracht, English brought; and [d̥roŋ], Standard German getragen, English carried.

The verbs [hɔm] and [z̥a͡i], Standard German haben and sein, English to have and to be, can be seen conjugated in the scheme below in the present, as they are irregular. They have the past participles, [ɡ̊hɔt] and [ɡ̊βeːn], respectively. Compare with Standard German gehaben and gewesen, English had and been.

[hɔm]

	Singular	Plural
First person	[hoː]	[hɔm]
Second person	[hɔ͡uz̥d̥]	[hɔ͡ut͡s]
Third person	[hɔ͡ud̥]	[hɔm]

[z̥a͡i]

	Singular	Plural
First person	[b̥in]	[z̥an, han]
Second person	[b̥iːz̥d̥]	[z̥at͡s, hat͡s]
Third person	[iːz̥]	[z̥an, han]

Examples can be seen below:

• [iː hoː ɡ̊ʒ̊it], Standard German Ich habe geschüttet, English I have shaken
• [eɐ hɔ͡ud̥ b̥rɑxd̥], Standard German Er hat gebracht, English He has brought

Subjunctive

It is quite straightforward to form the subjunctive in Northern Bavarian. The subjunctive of verbs is formed with the suffix -[ɐd̥], as in [βisn̩] > [βisɐd̥], Standard German wissen > wüßte, English to know > I would know.

Apophony

Both weak verbs and strong verbs may undergo apophony. The strong verbs can be split into two groups: the first group where the vowel in the non-finite form is the same as in the past participle; and the second group where the vowel in the non-finite form is different from the vowel in the past participle. The most common vowel gradations in the second group can be seen below:

• [a͡i] > [i(ː)]: [ʒ̊na͡in] > [ɡ̊ʒ̊niːn], Standard German schneiden > geschnitten - English to cut
• [e͡i] > [o], [uɐ]: [b̥e͡in] > [b̥uɐn], Standard German bieten > geboten - English to offer
• [i] > [u]: [ziŋɐ] > [ɡ̊z̥uŋɐ], Standard German singen > gesungen - English to sing
• [ɛ] > [o]: [d̥rɛʃn̩] > [d̥roʃn̩], Standard German dreschen > gedroschen - English to thresh

Apophony is not at common with weak verbs as in Standard German. However, the number of weak verbs with morphophonological variations is high, especially change in vowel length is common.

Example

This is a phonetic transcription of a text in Northern Bavarian, with translations in German and English.^[1]

Northern Bavarian	German	English
ɪç bɪn ɪn ʒdoːᵈl ɡɔŋə, ᶷn do βoən daːm drɪnə, ᶷn dao ɪz uəm və də mlʲ aː ɪz uəm troi̯t aːvɡʒit kβeːzd...	Ich bin in den Stadel gegangen, und da waren Tauben drinnen, und da ist oben von der Mühle auch ist oben Getreide aufgeschüttet gewesen...	I went into the barn, and there were pigeons in it, and then, upstairs, there was grain heaped up as well, from the mill...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Russ, Charles V. J. (1990). The Dialects of Modern German. ISBN 0-415-00308-3. 
2. ^ Ludwig Erich Schmitt (Hrsg.): Germanische Dialektologie. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968, p. 143
3. ^ http://web.uni-marburg.de/sprache-in-hessen/flash/dt.swf
4. ^ Ethnologue
5. ^ Renn, Manfred; König, Werner (2006). Kleiner Bayerischer Sprachatlas. pp. 62–64, 37. ISBN 3-423-03328-2. 
6. ^ Renn, Manfred; König, Werner (2006). Kleiner Bayerischer Sprachatlas. pp. 40–41, 44–45. ISBN 3-423-03328-2. 
7. ^ Renn, Manfred; König, Werner (2006). Kleiner Bayerischer Sprachatlas. pp. 46–47, 37. ISBN 3-423-03328-2. 
8. ^ Zehetner, Ludwig (1985). Das bairische Dialektbuch. pp. 121–123. ISBN 3-406-30562-8. 
9. ^ Zehetner, Ludwig (1985). Das bairische Dialektbuch. pp. 106–108. ISBN 3-406-30562-8. 
10. ^ Merkle, Ludwig (2005). Bairische Grammatik. pp. 96–99, 184–185. ISBN 3-86520-078-8. 
11. ^ Kranzmayer, E. (1956). Historische Lautgeographie des gesamtbairischen Dialektaumes. 

External links

• Sprechender Sprachatlas von Bayern (Speaking Language Atlas of Bavaria, with dialect maps from the book Kleiner Bayerischer Sprachatlas, and sound recordings)
• DiWA - Digitaler Wenker-Atlas (Digital Wenker-Atlas, with dialect maps and more) - the map Nordbairischer Sprachatlas from the menu item DiWA --> Karten, and then Auswahl (a technical advice: choose erweiterte Ausgabe, and then in the menu item DiWA --> Installation/Einstellungen under ECS-Darstellung the radio button HTML, its independent from plugins and java)