Sir Nicholas Crispe, 1st Baronet

Sir Nicholas Crispe, 1st Baronet (c. 1599 - 26 February 1666 (O.S)) was an English Royalist and a wealthy merchant who pioneered the West African trade in the 1630s; a customs farmer (1640 and c. 1661-6); Member of Parliament for Winchelsea Nov. 1640-1 (being expelled as a monopolist); member of the Council of Trade (from 1660) and for Foreign Plantations (from 1661); and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber from 1664. He was knighted in 1640 or 1641 and was made a baronet in 1665. He died in February 1666 (O.S.) aged 67.

Early life

Little is known of his early life and even his name is variously spelled as Crisp or Crispe. He was the son of Ellis Crisp who was Sheriff of London and died in 1625. He was the brother of Tobias Crisp, a prominent cleric and antinomian. Crisp made money from brickworks in Hammersmith then invested in other trade. Crisp’s main commercial interests were in the trades to India and Africa. Like his father he was a substantial stockholder in the East India Company, and throughout his twenties he imported a wide variety of commodities, including cloves, indigo, silks, pepper, elephant tusks, calicoes, and shells. The shells were specially purchased on his behalf by the company’s agents and it is thought that they were used to finance the purchase of slaves in west Africa.

Guinea Company

The Company of Adventurers of London trading to the ports of Africa, or more commonly known as “The Guinea Company” was the first private company to colonize Africa for profit. They were a trading company primarily exporting redwood (used for dyes) from the western parts of Africa, mostly through Guinea and Sierra Leone. At their height, the Guinea Company owned and operated 15 cargo ships.

James I granted the company a 31 year monopoly on the exportation of goods from West Africa to be imported into England. In 1624 Parliament declared the Guinea Company’s monopoly a grievance, despite the company suffering from financial difficulties. However, it was not until seven years after being founded and a year after parliament’s opposition when Nicholas Crisp became the principal organizer and profiteer in 1625. With this new found success, it also brought along a more resounding impression of objection from England. The Guinea Company had a great deal of growth with Nicholas Crisp, who had become the primary stock holder and benefactor in 1628.

Nicholas Crisp got most of his royalist support through the building of trading forts on the Gold Coast of Komenda and Kormantin, which the King, James I, saw them as a great value to future of England/Africa trade.

The Guinea Company had touched on many different trades, one of which was gold, which in the beginning was its primary objective. Yet, the Guinea Company was not to succeed through this trade. From the years 1618 to 1621, 3 expeditions were made up the Gambia River to collect gold, as it was thought that there was much gold to be found. No profits were made, and after the third trip the company accumulated a loss of ₤5,600, which was a great deal of money during this era as Nicholas Crisp had purchased the majority of the company’s shares for less than ₤800. After Nicholas Crisp had failed in leading the company in finding gold along the Gambia River, they resorted to the collection of Redwood from Sierra Leone as their main export.

In 1631 a new charter was formed and granted to the “Company of Merchants Trading to Guinea”. Like the first charter in 1618, this too was for 31 years, but it was from Cape Blanco to the Cape of Good Hope. While it may seem to outsiders as a completely new trading company, it was not. Much of the members were in fact associated with The Guinea Company, including Nicholas Crisp. By creating a new name for themselves, it gave them more opportunities in expanding their industry, particularly in the Eastern part of Sierra Leone as a means for gathering gold. In 1632 gold factories were made in Komenda, Kormantin, and Winneba. Three additional factories soon followed: Anomabu, Takoradi, and Cabo Corso. Along with gold as the main source of income, ships were sent east to Benin to retrieve cloth where it would be brought back and sold for gold. It is estimated that Nicholas Crisp and his company made a profit of over ₤500,000 through the gold they had collected within the 11–12 years after 1632.

According to British parliamentary records, the company also appears to have been involved in the trade of enslaved Africans.^[1]

A sizeable assemblage of early-17th century glass beads and ‘wasters’ were discovered in association with a brick furnace in the grounds of the private estate of Sir Nicholas Crisp (on what is now Hammersmith Embankment) during excavation in 2005. Crisp had a patent for making and vending beads and he also obtained a patent for slave trading from Guinea to the West Indies. These beads were probably used for both the local and colonial markets as researchers have uncovered similar beads in the Americas and in Ghana. This is the first clear archaeological evidence for the manufacture of early post-medieval glass beads in England.^[2]

Other members of the Crisp family were also involved in the African trade, sometimes in a significant way, over the same period.

Elected to the Long Parliament he was expelled in 1641 for collecting duties on merchandise which he used as security to loan money to the cash-strapped King Charles I without the authorization of Parliament.

On New Year’s Day 1640, Charles knighted Crisp, recognising his past services, but perhaps more importantly, anticipating his further services.

Civil War

Despite his loyalties to the King, who had fled to Oxford on the outbreak of Civil War, Crisp remained in Roundhead-controlled London. However he was questioned by the House of Commons in January 1643 about £3,700, which an intercepted letter revealed as owed to him ‘for secrett service done for his Majestie’. He promptly slipped away to Oxford, where he was warmly welcomed by the King, but his houses in Hammersmith and Lime Street were ransacked.

Crisp was forced by Parliament to surrender his patents for making and vending beads and for slave trading from Guinea to the West Indies. An order relating to a debt owed by Sir Nicholas Crisp to the Navy was laid before the House of Lords in December 1643. The House of Commons of England had ordered that Crisp's share in the Guinea Company, his trading venture to Africa, should be used to cover this debt. The arrival of gold from this adventure now prompted the House of Lords to confirm that Crisp's share in this should be used to pay off the debt.^[3]

Crisp ’s supported the King in a number of ways throughout the Civil War. He was at the centre of a plan in March 1643 to head a force to take over London, but the idea failed. He was also frustrated in his attempts to raise an infantry regiment of 1,500 later that year.

However on 6 May 1644, he was commissioned to equip 15 warships at his own and his partner’s expense and granted a tenth of any prizes taken by them. Operating from west country ports, he ferried troops from Ireland and played an important role in shipping tin and wool to the continent. He would also bring back arms and ammunition as a return cargo, and ultimately held the important position of deputy controller-general of posts. His allegiance to the crown was steadfast, even after Charles I was executed in 1649 and he was forced to flee to France like many others. Family connections allowed him to return but his politics had not changed in the least and in the run up to the Restoration, Crisp performed secret services and raised money for exiled Charles II. He was among those London Royalists who signed the declaration in support of General Monk to restore the Stuart monarchy. He was also involved in clandestine support for royalist conspiracies, such as the abortive plot of 1650 to land forces from the Scillies on the Cornish coast.

In May 1660 Crisp was one of the committee sent to meet Charles II at Breda as he returned to England to take to the throne his father had vacated.^[4]

Later life

Once the monarchy was restored he was paid back in part for all he had lost defending the Crown. The King also appointed him to a number of prominent offices to make up the deficit. He tried to regain his former trading position, but was unsuccessful, though his membership of the Company of Adventurers did give him some influence on the trade.

He was mentioned in Samuel Pepys' diary on 11 February 1660; 25 January, 15 and 19 February, 5 September 1662; and 22 August 1663. Pepys notes his inventiveness and mentions his proposals for a wet-dock.

In 1665 Charles II honoured his loyal servant by creating him a baronet.

He died 26 February 1666 (O.S.) aged 67.

Legacy

In his will he directed that his monument should record that he had lost ‘out of purse about a Hundred Thousand pounds’ by his pioneering efforts in the Guinea trade. He was buried in the church of St Mildred, Bread Street in east London, but:

"...he directed that his embalmed heart should be placed in an urn beneath a bronze bust of Charles I which in his lifetime he had placed in the Church where he had worshipped God … For a century and a half the heart was taken out on the anniversary of its burial and refreshed with wine. It then became ‘dust to dust’, but the memory of old Sir Nicholas, the marble monument and the King’s bust will long survive it.” ^[5]

He was a great benefactor to the borough of Hammersmith, supporting the building of Hammersmith’s first church, that later became St Paul’s, supplying both money and bricks. The memorial to Crisp was transferred to the newer church, which was built on the same site in 1883. On June 18, 1898, his remains and his heart were reunited in a chest tomb which stands in the churchyard of St Paul's by the north-east door of the church.

Crisp was a sitter in a portrait by Robert Hartley Cromek but the date, 1795, is too late to be original, it is copied from an earlier portrait by an unknown artist.^[6]

Crisp was also responsible for building Brandenburgh House in Fulham Palace Road. Originally named the "Great House" by Crisp, this impressive residence was later the home of King George IV’s estranged wife Queen Caroline.

There is a Crisp Road in Hammersmith named after him.

References

1. ^ The Crispe Family and the African Trade in the Seventeenth Century R. Porter The Journal of African History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1968), pp. 57-77 (article consists of 21 pages) Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179920
2. ^ http://www.molas.org.uk/projects/annualReviews.asp?aryear=2005&category=11&section=1
3. ^ http://slavetrade.parliament.uk/slavetrade/assetviews/documents/draftorderforrecoveringmoneyowedbysirnicholascrisptothenavy2december1643.html
4. ^ http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Images/14-15_CrispRoad_tcm21-91486.pdf
5. ^ Draper, Warwick (1913) Hammersmith - A Study in Town History, pp 15-16 | http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.maps.lbhf.gov.uk/sculptures/images/CRISP.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.maps.lbhf.gov.uk/sculptures/info.asp%3Fref%3D301&usg=__JLD97fGOPlIim_QtkKIkMLdb25k=&h=1263&w=826&sz=235&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=XKo18LVcEbzMuM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSir%2BNicholas%2BCrisp%26imgsz%3Dl%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4SUNA_enGB299GB299%26tbo%3D1%26um%3D1
6. ^ http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp56723

Baronetage of England
New creation	Baronet (of Hammersmith) 1665–1666	Succeeded by Nicholas Crispe

Persondata
Name	Crisp, Nicholas
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Date of death
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