New Academy (Moscopole)

For other uses, see New Academy.

New Academy
Νέα Ἀκαδημία
Established	1744
Closed	1769
Type	Academy
Status	destroyed
Headmaster	1744-1750 Sevastos Leontiadis 1750-1769 Theodore Kavalliotis
Location	Moscopole, Ottoman Empire (now in Albania)
Early 20th cent. picture of the now destroyed church of Saint John in Moscopole. The New Academy was built on the foreground.

The New Academy or Greek Academy ^[1] was a renowned educational institution, operating from 1743 to 1769 in Moscopole, an 18th century cultural and commercial metropolis of the Aromanians and leading center of Greek culture^[2][3] in what is now southeastern Albania. It was nicknamed the 'worthiest jewel of the city' and played a very active role in the inception of the modern Greek Enlightenment movement.^[4]

Background

Moscopole, now Voskopojë, a small village in south Albania, was an 18th century city inhabited predominantly by Aromanians. It became a center of Greek culture, with Greek being the language of education in the local schools, as well as the language of the books published by the local printing house,^[4] founded either in 1720^[5] or in 1731.^[6] Seemingly it was the second printing press founded in the Ottoman Empire, after the also Greek printing press in Istambul.^[7] Education was so actively promoted, that the city emerged as a leading center of Greek intellectual activity.^[2]

An educational institution, called The Greek College, was active in the city as early as 1710.^[5][8] Its first director, Chrysanthos, was a monk from Zitsa, while, in 1724, Ioannina born scholar, Nicolaos Stigmis, became schoolmaster.^[9] After 1730 and for a short period, Ioannis Chalkeus an Aristotelian philosopher also taught in the school.^[10] During that time the teaching staff included scholars from various ethnic backgrounds: Aromanian, Greek and Albanian.^[5]

History

In 1738, Sevastos Leontiadis, a scholar and priest from Kastoria (now Greece), was put in charge.^[10] It was during his directorate that the school was upgraded and endowed with additional classes. In 1744 the school was named New Academy and in 1750 it was re-housed in a new, imposing building.^[6][8] In accordance to 18th-century Greek educational mores, a school could only acquire the title 'Academy' if it achieved a higher standard of educational quality and prestige.^[11] Similar educational insistutions this period were operating in a number of urban center in the Ottoman Empire: Bucharest, Iaşi, Ioannina, Istambul.^[12]

It was also alternatively called Ellinikon Frontistirion (Greek: Ελληνικόν Φροντιστήριον Greek College).^[8] In 1750 Theodore Kavalliotis, already a member of the teaching staff since 1743, became the headmaster of the New Academy.^[6] Kavalliotis was instrumental in establishing the reputation of the Academy, which, under his direction, reached its floruit.^[13] Becoming the virtual soul of the Academy, Kavalliotis taught grammar, poetry, philosophical disciplines, and theology. Moreover, with the purpose of meeting class needs, he wrote a number of introductory manuals in Greek, as well as treatises and other material, necessary for teaching, many of which are still preserved in unpublished manuscripts.^[14]

Apart from Kavalliotis, another teacher of the New Academy was the owner of the Academy’s printing press, Gregory Konstantinidis (not to be confused with Gregory of Durrës^[15]), who was also responsible for the printing of the books that were taught.^[16] He taught from 1745 to 1748.^[7] The printing house had notably close ties to the Monastery of Saint Naum, near Ohrid.^[6] Notably 19 publications from Moscopole's printing press, mainly religious ones, appeared after 1760.^[6] The last known publication of the press was the Introduction to Grammar by Kavalliotis.^[6]

Aftermath

The New Academy, was destroyed during the first wave of destruction of Moscopole, by Muslim Albanian bands in 1769.^[17] Although the city never rose to its former glory, a new Greek school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster at 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites. This school functioned the following decades, thanks to donations and bequests mainly by baron Simon Sinas, a member of the Moscopole diaspora.^[18] The school functioned until the 1916 wave of destruction, and his last director was Theophrastos Georgiadis.^[19]

Notable alumni

• Daniel Moscopolites
• Konstantinos Tzechanis

References

1. ^ Sampimon, Janette (2006). Becoming Bulgarian: the articulation of Bulgarian identity in the nineteenth century in its international context: an intellectual history. Pegasus. p. 44. ISBN 9789061433118. http://books.google.com/books?id=XikXAQAAIAAJ&q=%22greek+academy%22%2Bmoschopolis&dq=%22greek+academy%22%2Bmoschopolis&hl=el&ei=74yvTJrMGs3j4AaO163UBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA. "One very famous Greek academy was that in Moschopolis, a city now called Voskopoja in the south of Albania" 
2. ^ ^{a b} Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community: the Jews of Monastir, 1839-1943. Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. p. 13. ISBN 9781886857063. http://books.google.com/?id=CCfXAAAAMAAJ&dq=moschopolis%2Bgreek%2Bculture&q=%22Education+was+so+actively+endorsed+that+Moschopolis+emerged+as+the+leading+center+of+Greek+intellectual+activity+in+the+18th%22#search_anchor. "Moschopolis emerged as the leading center of Greek intellectual activity in the 18th" 
3. ^ Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. p. 109. ISBN 9780715632017. http://books.google.com/?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ&dq=moschopolis%2Bgreek%2Bculture&q=%22This+culture+was+of+course+Greek+culture%2C%22#search_anchor. "This culture was of course Greek culture" 
4. ^ ^{a b} Bardu (2007): 2
5. ^ ^{a b c} Lloshi (2008) p.103
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Mikropoulos, Tassos A. (2008). Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Earthlab. pp. 315–316. ISBN 9789602331873. http://books.google.com/?id=optXTg3ovBYC&q=moschopolis#v=snippet&q=moschopolis. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Kekridis (1989): p. 44
8. ^ ^{a b c} Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1989) (in German). Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida. Böhlau. p. 38. http://books.google.gr/books?ei=5WevTIKzIKeU4gbc4vWyCQ&ct=result&id=2MxpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22neue+akademie%22%2Bmoschopolis&q=%22Neue+Akademie%22#search_anchor. 
9. ^ Peyfuss (1976): p. 116
10. ^ ^{a b} Kekridis (1989): p. 41
11. ^ Kekridis (1989): p. 42
12. ^ Peyfuss (1976): p. 116
13. ^ Kekridis (1989): p. 282
14. ^ Bardu (2007): 4-5
15. ^ Elsie, Robert. "GREGORY OF DURRËS". http://www.albanianliterature.net/authors_early/gregory_of_durres/gregory.html. 
16. ^ Peyfuss (1976): p. 117
17. ^ Sakellariou (1997): p. 268.
18. ^ Sakellariou (1997): p. 308
19. ^ Kekridis (1989): p. 29

Sources

• Bardu, Nistor (2007), "Eighteenth Century Aromanian Writers: the Enlightenment and the Awakening of National and Balkan Consciousness", Philologica Jassyensia (Philologica Jassyensia), http://iit.iit.tuiasi.ro/philippide/asociatia/asociatia_admin/upload/III_1_Bardu.pdf 
• Kekridis Eustathios (1989), "Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης (1718; 1789). Ο Διδάσκαλος του Γένους" (in Greek, English), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/1624?locale=en, retrieved 2010-09-11 
• Lloshi, Xhevat (2008) (in Albanian), Rreth Alfabetit te shqipes, Logos, ISBN 99895822688, http://books.google.com/?id=9_gXTda0HS8C&pg=PA191&dq=gjuha+letrare+dhe+gjuha+standarde&q, retrieved 2010-06-01 
• Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1976), "Die Akademie von Moschopolis und ihre Nachwirkungen im Geistesleben Sudosteuropas" (in German), Wissenschaftspolitik im Mittel- und Osteuropa: Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaften, Akademien und Hochschulen im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert (Hobbing): pp. 114–128, ISBN 9783921515006, http://books.google.gr/books?ei=4xVwTOiLBMeLswb92tS5Bg&ct=result&id=ePc2AAAAIAAJ&dq= 
• Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. ISBN 9789602133712. 

Further reading

• Shuteriqi, Dhimitër S. (1971) (in Albanian), Historia e letërsisë shqipe, Enti i teksteve dhe i mjeteve mësimore i Krahinës Socialiste Autonome të Kosovës, http://books.google.com/books?id=rbFQ55oPe-QC 
• Várvaro, Alberto (1978) (in Italian), Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza ; 1: Napoli, 15 - 20 aprile 1974, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 431, ISBN 9789027209412, http://books.google.com/books?id=yaaRVbPsNoQC&pg=PA431