Nakajima Ha-5

Ha-5
The Nakajima Ha-5 was developed from a license-built Bristol Jupiter, shown here
Type	14-cylinder, air-cooled, two-row radial piston engine
National origin	Japan
Manufacturer	Nakajima Aircraft Company
Major applications	Mitsubishi Ki-21 Mitsubishi Ki-30 Mitsubishi Ki-57

The Nakajima Ha-5 is an air-cooled aircraft engine built by the Japanese Nakajima Aircraft Company. The engine combined features of the Bristol Jupiter and Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp designs in a larger, two-row, 14-cylinder engine. First introduced in a 1,000 PS prototype in 1933, about 7,000 civilian and 5,500 military Ha-5's were built during World War II.

Design and development

In 1917, Chikuhei Nakajima set up the "Airplane Institute" at Ojima Town in Gunma Prefecture. In 1918 they built their first airplane; the "Nakajima Type 1" with a U.S.A. made engine.^[1] In 1920 the company sent Kimihei Nakajima to France to study European advances, and in 1922 started their own engine factory in Tokyo. This led to production of engines based on the Lawrence A-3 two-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed engine.

Bristol Jupiter VII on display at the Shuttleworth Collection

At the time the Lawrence was an oddity. Most air-cooled engines at that time were using cylinders that rotated together with the propeller, but Kimihei overheard that an engine with good cooling capability with fixed cylinders was being developed in England. He observed the English Gloster Gamecock fighter with its Bristol Jupiter engine, which was an advanced design for the era with an automatic adjustment device for tappet clearance, spiral piping for even intake distribution, and a four-valve intake and exhaust system. He acquired a manufacturing license for the Jupiter in 1925.^[2] In 1927, after inviting two production engineer instructors from the Bristol company,the Jupiter Type 6 of 420 PS and Type 7 of 450 PS with a turbocharger were put into production at the Nakajima factory.

The first Pratt & Whitney Wasp

After studying the Pratt & Whitney Wasp 9-cylinder radial, Nakajima tried to combine the good points found in Jupiter design with the rational design of the Wasp. Nakajima then produced a series of engine types, named "AA", "AB", "AC", and "AD", as engineering exercises. ^[1] The next engine design, the "AE", was innovative, with a bore of 160 mm and a stroke of 170 mm.

Prototypes were made and performance tests were done, but this engine was not adopted due to its very complex engineering. Nakajima continued testing different cylinder designs. In 1929, the "AH" design, with bore and stroke of 146 × 160 mm and a total displacement of 24.1 L, was completed. This was to be the final version of this basic engine design.^[1]

In June 1930, the first prototype of was completed, and it passed the durability test for the type approval in the summer. Then flight tests were started using a Nakajima A2N carrier plane. Nakajima had designed the first Japanese originally designed air-cooled 9-cylinder engine, the 450 PS "Kotobuki". In December 1931, this engine was approved and adopted by the Navy as the Ha-1 Ko for the Type 97 carrier fighter. The engine was named, in connection with the Jupiter engine, "Kotobuki".^[1]

The "Kotobuki" engine was improved and developed into the "Hikari (light)" engine with the bore and stroke expanded to the limit of the cylinder (160 × 180 mm for a displacement of 32.6 L), with the power was increased to 720 PS. The "Hikari" was used in Type 95 carrier fighters and Type 96 Carrier Attack Plane.^[1]

Nakajima new that engines of higher power would be needed, and began work on a new 14 cylinder design that was based on the 160 × 180 mm cylinder design of the Hikari. The Ha-5 prototype engine was completed in 1933, producing 1,000 PS. An improved Ha-5 was developed as a 1,500 PS engine. In all, about 5,500 Ha-5 engines were produced for the military.^[1]

Variants

• Ha-5 634 kW (850 hp), Base design, (used on Mitsubishi Ki-21 Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber)^[3]
• Ha-5 KAI 634 kW (850 hp), (used on Mitsubishi Ki-30)^[3]
• Ha-5 660 kW (890 hp) (used on Nakajima Ki-19)^[4]
• Ha-5 KAI 708 kW (950 hp), (used on Mitsubishi Ki-57 and Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1)^[3]
• Ha-5-KAI 708 kW (950 hp) take-off, 805 kW (960 hp) at 3,000 m (11,810 ft), (used on Mitsubishi Ki-30 and on first prototype Nakajima Ki-49 Donryu)^[3]
• Ha-5 KAI 708 kW (950 hp) take-off, 805 kW (1,080 hp) at 3334 m (13,125 ft), (used on Mitsubishi Ki-21-I Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber Model 1 and Ki-21-Ia, Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber Model 1A)^[3]

Applications

The Ha-5 engine was used to power:

• Mitsubishi Ki-21
• Mitsubishi Ki-30
• Mitsubishi Ki-57

Specifications (Nakajima Ha-5)

Data from Engine development at Nakajima 1923 - 1945

General characteristics

• Type: 14-cylinder, air-cooled, two-row radial piston engine
• Bore: 146 mm (5.75 in)
• Stroke: 160 mm (6.3 in)
• Displacement: 24.1 L (1,471.2 in³)

Components

• Valvetrain: four-valve intake and exhaust pushrod-operated overhead valve system
• Supercharger: Centrifugal
• Cooling system: Air-cooled

Performance

• Power output: 850 hp to 1,500 hp
• Specific power: ( to ) 0.58 hp/in³ to 1.02 hp/in³

See also

Related development

• Alfa Romeo 125
• Bristol Mercury
• Bristol Pegasus
• Nakajima Kotobuki
• Siemens-Halske Sh 22
  

Comparable engines

• BMW 132
• Pratt & Whitney R-1340, first of the famous Wasp radial engine line
• Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet
• Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9
  

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines
  

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Engine development at Nakajima 1923 - 1945
2. ^ Gunston 1989, p.104.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Francillon pg 162
4. ^ Mikesh & Abe pg 221

Bibliography

• Francillon, R. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. Annapolis: Putnam, 1970. SBN 370 00033 1
• Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
• Mikesh, Robert C. and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. Naval Institute Press, 1990. ISBN 1-55759-563-2

External links

• Nakajima Aircraft Industries History
• The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia