Outlaw motorcycle club

This article is about criminal or non-conforming motorcycle clubs. For the club established in McCook, Illinois in 1935, see Outlaws Motorcycle Club. For general types of motorcycling groups, see Motorcycle club.

Various outlaw motorcycle clubs gathered in Australia to protest new laws against them.

An outlaw motorcycle club (sometimes known as a motorcycle gang) is a type of motorcycle club that is part of a subculture with roots in the post-World War II USA, centered on cruiser motorcycles, particularly Harley-Davidsons and choppers, and a set of ideals celebrating freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture, and loyalty to the biker group. In the United States, "outlaw" clubs are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules, but instead, generally, the club enforces a set of bylaws on its members that derive from the values of the outlaw biker culture.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

Some motorcycle gangs engage in criminal activity.^[6] Besides their connection with motorcycles and the one percenter subculture, criminal motorcycle gangs are "unique among crime groups in that they maintain websites; identify themselves through patches and tattoos; have written constitutions and bylaws; trademark their club names and logos; and have publicity campaigns aimed at cleaning up their public image."^[7][8] ATF agent William Queen, who infiltrated the Mongols, wrote that what makes a gang like them different from the Mafia is that crime and violence are not used as expedients in pursuit of profit, but that the priorities are reversed. Mayhem and lawlessness are inherent in living "The Life," and the money they obtain by illegal means is only wanted as a way to perpetuate that lifestyle.^[9]

There are non-outlaw groups, like the Harley Owners Group, that adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structure, and trappings like beards and leather outfits which are typical of outlaw gangs, making it difficult for outsiders to tell the difference. It has been said that these groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image despite objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws.^[10][11]

Organization and leadership

Hells Angels MC New York City clubhouse

While organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms.^[12] Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters or charters, and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the mother chapter. The president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues.

Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound.

Membership

In some "biker" clubs, as part of becoming a full member, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and swear some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (or patches) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as colors.

In these clubs, some amount of hazing may occur during the prospecting period, ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in the case of outlaw motorcycle gangs, acts of violence.^[13] During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" or "patchholders" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched."^{[citation needed]}

Biker culture

Outlaw motorcycle clubs who identify with this subculture are not necessarily criminals, with members expressing their outlaw status on a social level, and not necessarily equating the word outlaw with criminal activity.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

Charity events

Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs. Charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw gangs have, however, been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature.^[8][14][15] The American Motorcyclist Association has frequently complained of the bad publicity for motorcycling in general caused by outlaw clubs, and they have said that the presence of outlaw clubs at charity events has actually harmed the needy by driving down public participation and reducing donations.^[16] Events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw gangs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears around the participation of biker gangs in charity events.^[17][18] Authorities have attempted to ban outlaw gangs from charity events, or to restrict the wearing of colors at events in order to avert the sort of inter-gang violence that has happened at previous charity runs.^[19][20] In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event.^[21]

Colors

Colors worn at the Gypsy Jokers Protest Run in Australia, 2009

The primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch(es) will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colors or cut (a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars and/or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket). However, many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, with or without including the letters MC.

The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's patches. Hang-arounds and/or support clubs wear support patches with the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors, for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment.^{[citation needed]}

One-, two-, and three-piece patches

Motorcycle club vest, Germany

The colors worn by members of some motorcycle clubs will sometimes follow a convention of using either a one-piece patch for nonconformist social clubs, two-piece patch for clubs paying dues, or a three-piece patch for outlaw clubs. The three-piece patch consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. Though many outlaw motorcycle clubs wear the three-piece patch arrangement, this is not necessarily an indication that a club is an outlaw motorcycle club.

Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club paraphernalia of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of an MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences.^[22] These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the probative value of such items is far outweighed by their prejudicial effects on the defense.^[23]

One percenter

"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin

Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. This is claimed to be a reference to a comment made by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) in which they stated that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws. The comment, supposedly a response to the Hollister riot in 1947,^[24][25] is denied by the AMA—who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquotation.^[26] As a result, some outlaw motorcycle clubs used it to unite or express themselves and are commonly referred to as "one percenters". According to the ATF they are also known as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs or OMGs.^[27]

Other patches

Other patches may be worn by members, including phrases and symbols. The style or meaning of these other patches can vary between clubs. Some, such as a skull and crossbones patch, or the motto "Respect Few, Fear None", are worn in some clubs by members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club.^{[28][29][30][31]}

There are also wings or biker's wings which are earned something like jump wings or pilot's wings, but with various color-coded meanings. Reportedly, an outlaw biker who has had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear green wings,^[32][33] while purple wings indicate having had sex with a corpse,^[34] among others.^[31] However, it has also been suggested that these definitions are a hoax, intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the square public and authorities.^[35]

Frequently, additional patches may involve the use of Nazi symbols, such as swastikas or the SS death's head. These do not necessarily indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire for the shock value among those who fail to understand the biker way.^[36]

Gender and race

One-percenter MCs (OMCs) do not allow women to become full-patch members,^{[37][38][39][40]} rather, women are submissive to the men,^[41] treated as property, victimized by being forced into prostitution or street-level drug trafficking, and often physically and sexually abused.^[42] Any pay women receive is given to their individual men and sometimes to the entire club.^[43] Women's roles as obedient followers, and their status as objects, make these groups extremely gender segregated.^[44] However, this has not always been the case; for example, during the 1950s, some Hells Angels chapters had women full members.^[45]

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are typically racially homogeneous, and can be racially exclusive.^{[7][46][47][48]} which has led to creation of rival clubs such as the Bandidos and the Mongols Motorcycle Club.^[49] MC members are not usually referred to by their given names, but instead refer to each other by nicknames, or "road names", sometimes even displaying their road name on the club vest.

Outlaw motorcycle gangs

The U.S. Department of Justice defines Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs as organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises.^[6] Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada have designated four MCs as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), which are the Hells Angels, Pagans, Outlaws, and Bandidos,^[50][51] known as the "Big Four".^[52] These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute.^[53] The California Attorney General also lists the Mongols and the Vagos Motorcycle Club as outlaw motorcycle gangs.^[54][55] The FBI asserts that OMGs support themselves primarily through drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, and extortion, and that they fight over territory and the illegal drug trade.^[56] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, quoting from the Provincial Court of Manitoba, defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".^[57]

The FBI asserts that OMGs collect $1 billion in illegal income annually.^{[58][59][60][61][62][63]} In 1985^[64] a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of illegal drugs, as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons.^[65] In October, 2008, the FBI announced the end of a 6-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Gang. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants^[66]

Canada, especially, has in the past two decades experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle gangs, most notably in what has been dubbed the Quebec Biker war, which has involved more than 150 murders^[67] (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding car bomb), 84 bombings, and 130 cases of arson.^[57] The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal drug trafficking business, specifically relating to access to the Port of Montreal,^[68] but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival and/or independent gangs in various regions of Canada.^[69]

Members and supporters of these clubs insist that illegal activities are isolated occurrences and that they, as a whole, are not criminal organizations. They often compare themselves to police departments, wherein the occasional "bad cop" does not make a police department a criminal organization and the Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for Toys for Tots in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.^[70]

Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support - the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism" in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia.^[71]

Recently, authorities have tried tactics aimed at undermining the gang identity and breaking up the membership. But in June 2011 the High Court of Australia overturned a law that outlawed motorcycle gangs and required members to avoid contact with one another.^[72] In the US, a Federal judge rejected a prosecutor's request to seize ownership of the Mongols Motorcycle Club logo and name, saying the government had no right to the trademarks.^[73][74] Federal prosecutors had requested, as part of a larger criminal indictment, a court order giving the government ownership of the logo in order to prevent members from wearing the gang's colors.^[75]

Relationships among motorcycle clubs

In the United States, many MCs have established state-wide MC coalitions. These coalitions are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization. The coalition holds periodic meetings on neutral ground, wherein representatives from each club (usually the presidents and vice-presidents, but not always) meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest.

The largest one-percent club tends to dominate the coalition, using their numbers to impose their will on other clubs. Sometimes clubs are forced into, or willingly accept, support roles for a one-percent club. Smaller clubs who resist a large one-percent club have been forcibly disbanded by being told to hand over their colors or risk war.^[76] With the exception of Law Enforcement Clubs, smaller clubs usually comply, since members of a family club are usually unwilling to risk injury or worse. Law Enforcement Clubs are not a territorial threat to 1% Outlaw Clubs and customarily do not instigate confrontations, avoiding unnecessary attention upon the 1% Clubs. Another tactic used by one-percent clubs is to force smaller clubs to join the AMA and wear an AMA patch. This is considered an act of shame by some clubs, and a club thus forced may wear an upside-down AMA patch on their colors as a form of protest and to retain their dignity.^{[citation needed]}

Certain large one-percent MCs are rivals with each other and will fight over territory and other issues. In 2002, members of the Mongols MC and the Hells Angels MC had a confrontation in Laughlin, Nevada at the Harrah's Laughlin Casino that left three bikers dead.^[77] Another melee, this time between the Hells Angels and the Pagans MC, occurred in February, 2002 at a Hells Angels convention in Long Island, New York. Police reports indicate the Pagans were outraged that the event was held on what they considered their "home turf".^[78]

The local COC (Coalition of Clubs) has eliminated most of the inter-club rivalry. Modern day club members tend to be older veterans, and given the cost of ownership of a Harley Dresser type motorcycle, increasingly well-to-do.

National 1% clubs tend to be territorial. Smaller clubs are allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs will sometimes be required to wear a support patch on their vests that shows their support for the dominant regional. Certain clubs are exempt from this requirement, such as the police clubs ("Iron Pigs") as well as the national military/veteran only clubs like the US Military Vets MC.

Cultural influence

The motorcycle gang has been frequently portrayed in media, prominently in the outlaw biker film genre. The FX series Sons of Anarchy portrays a professional criminal gang founded by Vietnam War veterans and its interactions within their community and with other illegal gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be methamphetamine dealers, and so instead they deal in illegal guns.^[79][80] Rockstar North produced Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned, where the player controls a member of a motorcycle gang.^[81]

See also

• Outlaw biker film
• Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Drew, A. J. (2002), The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle, Adams Media Corp, pp. 193–203, 277, ISBN 1580625541, 9781580625548, http://books.google.com/?id=wWnBPAAACAAJ 
2. ^ ^{a b} Dulaney, William L. (November 2005), "A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs", International Journal of Motorcycle Studies, http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html 
3. ^ ^{a b} Wolf, Daniel R. (1992), The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers, University of Toronto Press, p. 4, ISBN 0802073638, 9780802073631, http://books.google.com/?id=mgNRMZAg8N4C&pg=PA4&dq=%22Technically+the+label+outlaw#v=onepage&q=%22Technically%20the%20label%20outlaw 
4. ^ ^{a b} Joans, Barbara (2001), Bike lust: Harleys, women, and American society, Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 15, ISBN 0299173542, 9780299173548, http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA15&dq=%22The+label+outlaw+motorcycle+club&q=%22The%20label%20outlaw%20motorcycle%20club 
5. ^ ^{a b} Reynolds, Tom (2001), Wild ride: how outlaw motorcycle myth conquered America, TV Books, pp. 43–44, ISBN 1575001454, 9781575001456 
6. ^ ^{a b} U.S. Dept. of Justice, Motorcycle Gangs, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/gangunit/gangs/motorcycle.html, retrieved 27 October 2009 
7. ^ ^{a b} Barker, Tom (September, 2005), "One Percent Biker Clubs -- A Description", Trends in Organized Crime (Springer New York) 9 (1): 111, doi:10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0, ISSN 1084-4791, "One percent biker clubs in the existing literature have been described as all white clubs, however, there are at least four black or interracial 1% biker clubs." 
8. ^ ^{a b} Adler, Jeff (2001-03-03), "The Fall of a Hells Angel Leader; Indictment Alleges Spokesman's Charity Masks Drug Ring.", The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.): A.07 
9. ^ Queen, William (2006), Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang, Random House, p. 65, ISBN 0345487524, http://books.google.com/?id=s85YVXxHZgIC&pg=PA65 
10. ^ Brown, Roland; McDiarmid, Mac (2000), The Ultimate Motorcycle Encyclopedia: Harley-Davidson, Ducati, Triumph, Honda, Kawasaki and All the Great Marques, Anness Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 1840388986, 9781840388985, http://books.google.com/?id=2SWQAAAACAAJ 
11. ^ Joans, Barbara (2001), Bike Lust, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 5, ISBN 0299173542, 9780299173548, http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA5, "As middle America rides and parties with the urban middle class, neither discusses the skeleton in the closet. Neither draws attention to the fact that much of the Harley mystique, most of the unwritten rules of the road, and many of the values and ideals come from the unruly and bastard parent, the outlaw club" 
12. ^ 1% - Example of Bylaws- Motorcycle Club and Riding Club Education
13. ^ "Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang". Author William Queen, 2004
14. ^ Klugh, David (7 October 2009), "Motorcycle Gang Training For Yakima", Kima Tv, http://www.kimatv.com/news/local/48934037.html, "The problem with that according to Steve Cook is that if you eat in local restaurants, drink in local bars or even participate in local charity events, you already associate with them.

    Charity rides, toy donations... Cook has learned these are part of the disguise.

    'What they don't tell you is what they're doing the rest of the year. They're selling drugs. They're stealing motorcycles. They're beating people up. They're committing a laundry list of crimes.'" 

15. ^ Renegades Do Good Works, Too But Officials Say Biker Gang Is Simply Polishing Its Image. [Final Edition] Richard S. Koonce, Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk, Va. ) 1999-12-29, A.1
16. ^ Assoc, American Motorcyclist (March 2003), "Gang fears hurt charity ride", American Motorcyclist, http://books.google.com/?id=3foDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 
17. ^ Austin, Paige; Bjelland, Sonja (2005-12-06), "Gunfight blamed on bikers // About 150 people queried after violence at a toy giveaway", The Press - Enterprise (Riverside, Calif.), "Witnesses blame tensions between two rival motorcycle gangs for a shooting at a Christmas toy drive that left a firefighter and two others injured." 
18. ^ Austin, Paige (December 8, 2005), "Neighbors want site of shooting shut down", The Press - Enterprise (Riverside, Calif.): B.01, "Next week Norco city leaders will consider revoking an operating permit for Maverick Steakhouse where a Christmas toy drive Sunday ended in violence after several gunmen fired into the crowd.

    Witnesses say a fight between two rival biker clubs at the event led to the shooting in which at least three people where injured, including a Norco firefighter." 

19. ^ Calligeros, Marissa (June 22, 2009), "Bikie 'colours' banned from Morcombe charity ride", Brisbane Times, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/bikie-colours-banned-from-morcombe-charity-ride-20090622-ct7t.html, "'Ride organisers received an unlawful edict from police blocking the participation of riders wearing clothing that identified them as members of some motorcycle clubs,' Mr Walker said.

    'You can't say that to our members...these guys live for their patches.'

    He said bikies would never, ever ride without patches as a cardinal rule." 

20. ^ Joyce, Nikkii (3 August 2009), "Police blitz hits bikers' charity ride", Sunshine Coast Daily, http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2009/08/03/police-blitz-hits-bikers-charity-ride/ 
21. ^ Associated Press (9 November 2002), "National Briefing Mid-Atlantic: Pennsylvania: Biker Gang Sues Over Exclusion From Charity Event", New York Times (New York, N.Y.): A.17, "The Warlocks motorcycle gang has filed a lawsuit accusing the Philadelphia Police Department of preventing its members from participating in a motorcycle parade to deliver toys to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia on Sunday. Joshua Briskin, a lawyer for the gang, said the Warlocks had taken part in the event for 15 years. The suit, seeking unspecified compensation, says the group's civil rights were violated." 
22. ^ Five charged in murders of eight Bandidos bikers- CTV.ca, June 10, 2006, Retrieved October 10, 2007
23. ^ The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Case Nos. 95-2829 and 95-2879; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. IRVIN and THOMAS E. PASTOR, Defendants-Appellants
24. ^ Dougherty, C.I. (1947-07-05), "Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured", San Francisco Chronicle, http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm, retrieved 2007-10-24 
25. ^ Dougherty, C.I. (1947-07-06), "2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again'", San Francisco Chronicle, http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm, retrieved 2007-10-24 
26. ^ Dulaney, William L. (November 2005), "A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs", International Journal of Motorcycle Studies, http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html, "The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA’s ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA’s Public Information Director, states 'We [the American Motorcyclist Association] acknowledge that the term ‘one-percenter’ has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'" 
27. ^ http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/gangunit/about/omgangs.html
28. ^ [1] KTLA TV, Los Angeles
29. ^ [2] ATF affidavit
30. ^ Thompson, Hunter S. (1996), Hell's angels: a strange and terrible saga, Random House, ISBN 0345410084, http://books.google.com/?id=oosssb76G9oC&pg=PA8 
31. ^ ^{a b} Becker, Ronald (1996), Criminal Investigation, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, p. 432, ISBN 0834217112, http://books.google.com/?id=tSyjRXt_qpEC&pg=PA432&lpg=PA432&dq=13+patch+marijuana+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs+site:books.google.com&q= 
32. ^ [3] Herald Sun
33. ^ [4] Daily Mail
34. ^ Glover, Scott (22 October 2008), "Raid targets Mongols motorcycle gang", Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/22/local/me-mongols22?pg=1, "There are also patches associated with the gang's alleged sexual rituals. Members are awarded wings of varying colors for engaging in sex acts with women at pre-arranged 'wing parties,' the indictment states. Members who have sex with a woman with venereal disease are given green wings; those who have sex with a woman's corpse are given purple wings, according to the indictment." 
35. ^ Bourne, Craig (2007), Philosophical Ridings: Motorcycles and the Meaning of Life, Oneworld Publications, pp. 11–12, ISBN 1851685200 
36. ^ Pratt, Alan R. (2006), "Motorcycling, Nihilism, and the Price of Cool; Nihilism and FTW Style", in Rollin, Harley-Davidson and philosophy: full-throttle Aristotle; Volume 18 of Popular culture and philosophy, Open Court Publishing, ISBN 081269595X, 9780812695953, http://books.google.com/?id=NrsfTreAPfwC&pg=PA82, "'Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs,' a widely circulated two-hour police course, notes that a white cross on a biker's colors is earned by robbing a grave, a red cross by 'committing homosexual fellatio with a witness present.' Green wings denote the wearer performed cunnilingus on a venereally diseased woman and purple wing signify—get this!—oral sex with a dead woman! (p. 32). As a rejection of values and an expression of nihilism, what could be more aberrant and grossly offensive? And even if these interpretations are inaccurate or fabricated by bikers themselves as a joke, they still reveal the outrage that the outlaw biker expression of nihilism intended to inspire. When we discover that everything is false, Nietzsche warned, we learn that anything is permitted." 
37. ^ [5] Book, Organised Crime By Alan Wright
38. ^ [6] CBS News
39. ^ [7] Fox News
40. ^ [8] Tandem News
41. ^ [9] "Women in Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs," from Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction, p. 389-401, 1994, Patricia A and Peter Adler, eds.
42. ^ [10] Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs, Mike Carlie Phd
43. ^ [11] Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 18, No. 4, 363-387 (1990)
44. ^ [12] Book, Beyond the Mafia by Sue Mahan and Katherine O'Neil
45. ^ Ralph (Sonny) Barger. Hells Angel. Harper Collins, 2001. p103
46. ^ Hopper, Columbus B.; Moore, Johnny "Big John" (Summer 1983), "Hell on Wheels; The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs", Journal of American Culture (Bowling Green, Ohio) 6 (2): 58–9, doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1983.0602_58.x, "Outlaw cyclists are generally male and between 21 and 45 years of age. The average age for a club studied was 34. There are black gangs, white gangs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking gangs. Although race does not appear to be important as a creed or philosophical orientation to them, virtually all of the clubs are racially unmixed. And it should be mentioned that bikers who are in prisons, as prisoners have done generally, band together along racial lines (Killinger and Cromwell, 1978)." 
47. ^ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs- OZBiker.org
48. ^ Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting- MSNBC.com, Oct 21, 2008
49. ^ Dozens of Outlaw Bikers Arrested in ATF Sting.- MSNBC.com, October 21, 2008
50. ^ FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative - Report Fiscal Year 2000- FBI.org
51. ^ 2004 Annual Report- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca
52. ^ Motorcycle Gangs- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association
53. ^ 2004 Annual Report- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC), cisc.gc.ca
54. ^ Organized Crime in California - 2004 Annual Report to the Legislature- California Department of Justice
55. ^ Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting- MSBNC.com, October 21, 2008
56. ^ Organized Crime Investigation- by T. O'Connor, Austin PEA State University
57. ^ ^{a b} Organized Crime Fact Sheet- Public Safety Canada
58. ^ The Hells Angels' Devilish Business- CNN.com, November 30, 1992
59. ^ Biker Gangs in Canada- CBC News, April 5, 2007
60. ^ Narcotics Digest, Gangs In The United States- the National Gang Center
61. ^ Comprehensively Combating Methamphetamine: Impact on Health and the Environment- DEA Deputy Chief Joseph Rannazzisi, congressional testimony on October 20, 2005
62. ^ The Hells Angels' Devilish Business- by Andrew E. Serwer, Fortune Magazine, November 30, 1992
63. ^ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992.
64. ^ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992
65. ^ Busting Hell's Angels- Time Magazine, May 13, 1985
66. ^ Feds bust motorcycle gang with Ore. ties - KVAL-CBS, October 21, 2008
67. ^ Was Noye case witness killed by Hell's Angels?- Guardian Observer, October 15, 2000
68. ^ The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels, by Paul Cherry, ECW Press, 2005
69. ^ Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick in the Canadian Hells Angels, by Jerry Langton, Wiley & Sons, 2006
70. ^ Storm Approaching- by Michael Jamison, The Missoulian, July 2000
71. ^ [13] Tandem News, Angels With Dirty Faces by Antonio Nicaso
72. ^ Godfrey, Miles (23 June 23 2011), "Hells Angel kills NSW anti-bikie laws", Sydney Morning Herald, http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/hells-angel-kills-nsw-antibikie-laws-20110623-1ggao.html, retrieved 2011-06-23 
73. ^ Risling, Greg; Associated Press, "Judge sides with biker gang over logo", San Jose Mercury News, http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18420209, retrieved 2011-07-07 
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References

• Coulthart, Ross and McNab, Duncan, Dead Man Running: An Insider's Story on One of the World's Most Feared Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, the Bandidos Allen & Unwin, 2008, (ISBN 1-74175-463-1)
• Hayes, Bill. The Original Wild Ones: Tales of The Boozefighters Motorcycle Club, Est. 1946. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks, 2005.
• Veno, Arthur, The Mammoth Book of Bikers, Constable & Robinson, 2007 (ISBN 0-7867-2046-8)
• Vieth, Errol, "Angels in the Media: Constructing Outlaw Motorcyclists", in Consent and Consensus, edited by Denis Cryle and Jean Hiliier, Perth, API Network, 2005, 97–116 (ISBN 1-920845-12-7).
• Winterhalder, Edward, Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club - The Making of a Worldwide Dynasty, Blockhead City Press, 2005/Seven Locks Press, 2007 (ISBN 0-9771747-0-0)
• Winterhalder, Edward, & De Clercq, Wil, The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos – Bikers United Against the Hells Angels, ECW Press, 2008 (ISBN 1-55022-824-2)

External links

• One percenter motorcycle clubs at the Open Directory Project
• Outlaw biker gangs at the Open Directory Project